Do you think a variation in the human genome that confers resistance to coronaviruses (SARS-COV-2) Will be selected for in the human population through future human generations? why or why not? Consider covid 19 morality rates, the reproductive ages of those who are most at risk, economic factors, etc. Pathogens evolve over time as well, what effect if any could this have on human evolution?
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Do you think a variation in the human genome that confers resistance to coronaviruses (SARS-COV-2) Will be selected for in the human population through future human generations? why or why not? Consider covid 19 morality rates, the reproductive ages of those who are most at risk, economic factors, etc. Pathogens evolve over time as well, what effect if any could this have on human evolution?
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- Why do scientists worry more about new strains of viruses like influenza and coronviruses as potential causes of deadly human pandemics, but they never talk about the next big Herpesvirus strain deadly pandemic? Which of the statements below helps partially answer that? We already have effective vaccines for Herpes. Influenza and CoV have more genes, more complex gene expression, and can undergo genetic recombination or reassortment, while Herpesviruses are more limited. Only humans get Herpesviruses, while animals can get Influenza viruses and Coronaviruses. dsDNA viruses aren't very transmissible and even when they are, they're not deadly. Influenza and CoV are RNA viruses which results in having higher mutation rates -- they can more easily jump between host species. Herpesviruses are dsDNA viruses and usually very host specific. O O O OThe novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) is a virus for which no known vaccine is available yet. A person diagnosed with the virus can only be managed with the hope that their immune system will fight the virus. Governments of many countries (including Ghana) are now beginning to accept the reality that until a vaccine is found, ways must be adopted to be able to live with the virus without contracting it. This means that same must be done at the workplace as well. A single person found to have contracted the virus will have a lot of implication on the organisation. This certainly is a source of concern for HR managers in the organisation. i. Explain four (4) of the HR implications should the workforce contract this virus. ii. Apart from the various safety protocols outlined by the W.H.O. and health sectors of various countries, discuss how four (4) of the various HR practices could be employed to help fight this pandemic.The Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV), is an HIV-like virus that originally attacks the immune system of monkeys and apes. In 1999, researchers identified a strain of chimpanzee SIV called SIVcpz, which was nearly identical to HIV. Which of the following conclusions could be drawn from the similarities and relatedness that exist between humans and primates based on respective strains of viruses? Mosquitos are vectors of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV), and HIV. Once injected with their proboscis and introduced viruses into the human bloodstream, viral mutations occur. Human immunodeficiency virus has reverse transcriptase so it is easier for them to transform into another strain of the virus. The introduction of new viral strains is inevitable and they do not possess selectivity. Both immune host cells from humans and chimpanzees are susceptible to any viral infection. Humans and Chimpanzees were similar so it is easier for the Simian Immunodeficiency…
- Why do scientists worry more about new strains of viruses like influenza and coronviruses as potential causes of deadly human pandemics, but they never talk about the next big Herpesvirus strain deadly pandemic? Which of the statements below helps partially answer that? Influenza and CoV are RNA viruses which results in having higher mutation rates -- they can more easily jump between host species. Herpesviruses are dsDNA viruses and usually very host specific. Only humans get Herpesviruses, while animals can get Influenza viruses and Coronaviruses. dsDNA viruses aren't very transmissible and even when they are, they're not deadly. We already have effective vaccines for Herpes. Influenza and CoV have more genes, more complex gene expression, and can undergo genetic recombination or reassortment, while Herpesviruses are more limited."Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, some argued that comparable numbers of people caught bad strains of the influenza virus (causing the viral flu); thus, by extension, the restrictions imposed on society for COVID-19 were unduly burdensome. Based on our discussion in class, which arguments could be made to refute this argument. " "While an average of 31 million people catch the viral flu each year in the US (compared to 16 million COVID-19 cases so far), the mortality rate from the flu seems to be perhaps 8 to 24 times lower than for COVID-19." "Fewer people have caught COVID-19 than catch the viral flu in a given year, but the comparison is not entirely fair since we are not restricting social gatherings or wearing masks during viral flu seasons. A fair comparison would be what would have happened with COVID-19 infections if normal year practices were carried out. " More than twice the number of people in the US have caught COVID-19 than catch the flu virus in a…A scientists collects strains of a virus from three different years: 2020, 2021, and 2022. The virus is introduced into populations of lab rats, and the mortality rate is measured for each strain. The rat populations are genetically identical. Mortality caused by the infections is 50% in the case of the 2020 virus, 40% for the 2021 virus and 30% for the 2022 virus; these differences are statistically significant. What conclusion can you draw from this experiment? Virulence has evolved to lower levels. Virulence has evolved to higher levels. Rates have evolved greater resistance to the virus. None of these conclusions can be drawn from these data.
- This article highlights a young doctor at Elmhurst Hospital during the beginning of Covid-19 pandemic. Dr. Zikry is quoted as saying: “It’s become very clear to me what a socioeconomic disease this is...”. In addition, the textbook discusses the personal variables and socioeconomic status (SES) that are used to find patterns in disease (pp.112-118). What do you think Dr. Zikry meant by referring to the SES of his patients? Why was it important to find a pattern of personal variables and SES among the of victims of Covid-19 at the beginning of the pandemic?Which of the following is NOT true about Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease it causes? Which option is the answer: 1. During Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), a person is the most highly infectious for others during the period of peak viral load and symptoms 2. As it is transmitted through the global human population, the virus is highly genetically stable and does not change 3. Some people who become infected with SARS-CoV-2 will not develop signs and/or symptoms of disease 4. The severity of disease varies greatly, depending on age and/or underlying predisposing conditions 5. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants may sometimes be more transmissible than previous strainsThe highly pathogenic Asian avian flu causes a fatal infection in about 60% of the individuals infected. The seasonal flu vaccine does not provide protection against this strain of Influenza. Is the highly pathogenic Asian avian flu likely to be an H1N1 or H3N2 strain of influenza? Why or why not?
- Not all Americans are willing to get the covid-19 vaccine, and not all countries have enough vaccines for all their citizens, or the capacity to distribute them. Explain how this may provide opportunities for viral evolution to occur and the potential consequences.An outbreak of Ebola between 2014 and 2016 resulted in 28,616 cases and 11,310 deaths in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. An additional 36 cases and 15 deaths were reported outside these 3 countries. This deadly disease urged the need for extensive research on Ebola to better understand and treat the disease and prevent future outbreaks. Ebola is a - SSRNA virus. What does this mean for how it is converted into proteins? Does this virus require additional machinery to be infectious? Can you hypothesize based on how it replicates in the cell what scientists might hope to target for treatment or prevention of Ebola?Some advocate stockpiling the drug Tamiflu in the event of an influenza pandemic. Others point out that wealthy, Western nations would have an unfair advantage because developing nations (where the pandemic is most likely to start) would not have access to this expensive antiviral. Furthermore, some fear that indiscriminate use of the drug would promote the evolution of resistant flu strains. Given these caveats, do you think developed nations should stockpile Tamiflu for the protection and treatment of their citizens? Explain your answer