How does the reaction catalyzed by GAPDH from T. tenax presented here differ from the reaction carried out in E. coli?
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How does the reaction catalyzed by GAPDH from T. tenax presented here differ from the reaction carried out in E. coli?
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- Carbohydrate metabolism in the thermophilic archaeal bacterium Thermoproteus tenax is rather peculiar compared to the types of organisms usually studied in introductory biochemistry. T. tenax has two different glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) isoenzymes. One is well known and, although it requires NADP+ as a cofactor instead of NAD+, it resembles the GAPDH enzyme and is referred to as the “phosphorylating GAPDH”. In contrast, the second isoenzyme is irreversible and requires NAD+ as a cofactor and is referred to as the “nonphosphorylating GAPDH”. In this case, we will consider the properties of the latter enzyme. In the space below, write down the balanced equation of the reaction catalyzed by the nonphosphorylating NAD+- dependent glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and draw the substrates and products.List the three different routes to catabolize glucose to Why is it necessary to start by spending one or two molecules of ATP? Why are glucose catabolism pathways ubiquitous, even in bacterial habitats where glucose is scarce? Give several Summarize the Krebs TCA cycle; list the substrates, and products.In Bacillus subtilis, threonine is metabolized by the following sequence of reactions: (a) oxidation; (b) decarboxylation;(c) transamination; and (d) oxidation to produce pyruvate. Outline this sequence of steps, show the structures of thesubstances, use abbreviations for the cofactors, and show any enzyme-bound coenzymes. What type of enzyme bound intermediate is likely for reaction (d)?
- Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis share most of their reactions and enzymes, apart from the three irreversible reactions in glycolysis. Provide a simplified schematic presentation (metabolic map) of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis; and indicate the enzymes that differ between the two processes.1) Tabulate the differences and/ or similarities of the different kinds of coenzymes and cofactors. Structure Source ATP SAM COA Retinal THF- tetrahydrofolate Vitamin K NAD, NADP FMN, FAD TPP PLP Adenosylcobalamin methylcobalamin and Function/ Role/ ImportanceAll of the following are accurate contrasts for beta oxidation vs fatty acid synthesis except which of the following statements? Group of answer choices The hydroxylacyl group differs in stereochemistry between beta oxidation and biosynthesis CoA is the acyl carrier group in beta oxidation, acyl carrier protein is the carrier in biosynthesis The carbon unit resulting from beta oxidation is acetyl-CoA, the carbon unit for biosynthesis is malonyl-CoA FAD is an electron acceptor in beta oxidation, NADP+ is the electron acceptor in biosynthesis
- Below is an image of the Krebs cycle: acetyl-CoA oxaloacetate COASH H20 NADH NAD* H20 malate citrate fumarate isocitrate FADH2 NAD* CO2 FAD АТР NADH + ADP succinate GTP NAD+ a-ketoglutarate H20 GDP NADH + CO2 COASH succinyl CoA COASH Consider the conversion of succinate to fumarate, which is coupled with the production the electron carrier FADH2. If this reaction was NOT coupled with the production of FADH2 (and only catalyzed the conversion of succinate to fumarate), how would this impact ATP production through cell respiration? OATP production would stop because no high energy electron carriers would be produced ATP production would still occur, but there would be a much lower ATP yield because a large number of electron carriers are no longer being made ATP production would stop because without FADH2 we will no longer have electrons moving through the electron transport chain ATP production would still occur, but there would be a slightly lower ATP yield because a small number of…For each of the following descriptions, match the corresponding enzyme: Utilizes a ATP for formation of carboxy biotin Utilizes a Schiff's base for the stabilization of a carbanion Utilizes TPP for the stabilization of a carbanion Facilitates a hydration reaction Enzymes: Enalose phosphoglucoisomerase phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase pyruvate carboxylase transketolase transaldoaseFor hepatitis B; how energy is obtained (chemolithotroph, chemoorganotroph, or phototroph) how carbon is obtained (heterotroph or autotroph) how catabolism is performed (glycolysis, fermentation, respiration) if respiration is performed, is it anaerobic or aerobic, what is the electron donor and final acceptor if fermentation is performed, what are the fermentation products how the cell participates in biogeochemical cycles preferred growth conditions (oxygen, pH, temperature, osmotic pressure)
- Which metabolic pathway do you conclude the supplement selenium to most directly affect or interact with? This could be any pathway in primary metabolism, proteolysis, lipolysis or other catabolic pathway associated with metabolic activity. Be specific with the pathway please and thank you!Compare and contrast the following items related to lipid metabolism. Cite their main similarities/or differences. 1. Dehydrogenase enzyme vs. dehydratase enzyme(in context of lipid metabolism). 2. Steroid hormones vs. prostaglandins (in terms of their biosynthetic pathways). 3. Fatty acid synthase complex vs. pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.The following nutrient molecule is digested and transported to a cell where it undergoes further catabolism: H- OH H OH OH CHOH In the table below, list the important products of the complete B oxidation of this molecule. • In the first column of the table, write the chemical formula, name, or standard blochemical symbol for a product molecule. In the second column, write the total number of these molecules produced. • Only list the important products, Including (1) molecules with any of the carbon atoms that were in the eriginal molecule, (2) energy storage molecules (ike ATP), and (3) newly oxidized or reduced coenzymes. • List each product molecule on a separate row. You can add more rows if you need them. • Be sure you write the number of product molecules formed by the complete p oxidation of the molecule above. • Do not include the products of any catabolic activity that happens before or after oxidation, including any necessary activation. f the molecule contains small parts…