If a gonadal female is exposed to high levels of androgens in utero (e.g., from excessive production by the adrenal cortex) when the external genitalia are differentiating, then a male phenotype results. Group of answer choices True False

If a gonadal female is exposed to high levels of androgens in utero (e.g., from excessive production by the adrenal cortex) when the external genitalia are differentiating, then a male phenotype results. Group of answer choices True False

Nutrition Through The Life Cycle

7th Edition

ISBN:9781337919333

Author:Brown, Judith E.

Publisher:Brown, Judith E.

Chapter3: Preconception Nutrition- Conditions And Interventions

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 6RQ

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Figure 18.17 Which of the following statements about hormone regulation of the female reproductive cycle is false? a. LH and FSH are produced in the pituitary, and estrogen and progesterone are produced in the ovaries. b. Estradiol and progesterone secreted from the corpus luteum cause the endometrium to thicken. c. Both progesterone and estrogen are produced by the follicles. d. Secretion of GnRH by the hypothalamus is inhibited by low levels of estrogen but stimulated by high levels of estrogen.
Figure 43.15 Which of the following statements about hormone regulation of the female reproductive cycle is false? LH and FSH are produced in the pituitary, and estradiol and progesterone are produced in the ovaries. Estradiol and progesterone secreted from the corpus luteum cause the endometrium to thicken. Both progesterone and estradiol are produced by the follicles. Secretion of GnRH by the hypothalamus is inhibited by low levels of estradiol but stimulated by high levels of estradiol.
The secretion of _____ controls the formation of sperm. a. testosterone b. LH c. FSH d. all of the above
As outlined in this chapter, sex can be defined at several levels: chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic. To this we can add psychological sex, the sex one believes themselves to be. Determining someones sex is a complex issue that is often difficult to resolve, as the case of Bruce Reimer (see Section 7.1) illustrates. In spite of the complexity surrounding this issue, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAFF) still use sex testing on female athletes to determine whether they can compete in athletic events as females. This has led to serious personal, social, and legal issues, and the practice has been widely condemned and widely defended. Lets examine two such cases here. An Indian athlete, Santhi Soundarajan, finished second in the 800-meter run at the Asian Games in Doha, Qatar, in 2006. After the race, she was asked to take a sex test. According to press reports, the tests showed that she appeared to have abnormal chromosomes. An official stated that she had more Y chromosomes than allowed. As a result, she was stripped of her medal, banned from further competition by the Indian Olympic Association, and shunned by her local community. Before the race in Doha, Santhi had competed in 8 international competitions and won 12 medals. Sometime after this incident, she attempted suicide. She now runs a training school for athletes in Tamil Nadu, India. Although the number and types of tests done on Santhi have not been revealed, such tests usually involve examination of the external genitals, a chromosome analysis, and measurement of hormone levels. Suppose you were on the committee deciding whether Santhi could compete as a female. Consider each of the following hypothetical tests one at a time and base your conclusions only on the results of that test. The results of a physical examination show she has female genitals. On this basis, would you allow her to keep her medal and compete as a female in future races? Suppose the results of a chromosomal analysis shows that she has an XY chromosome set and is chromosomally male. Would you allow her to keep her medal and compete as a female? Lastly, suppose a test for hormone levels shows that she has levels of the male sex hormone testosterone that are higher than average for females but at least 10 times lower than the average for males. Would you allow her to keep her medal and compete in future races as a female? Now, put the results of all three tests together, and consider them as a whole. What are your conclusions? Now, lets consider the case of a South African runner, Caster Semenya, who won the 800-meter run at the World Championships held in Berlin, Germany, in 2009. After the race, she was asked to undergo sex testing. The IAAF stated that the tests were requested to ascertain whether she had a rare medical condition that gave her an unfair physical advantage. The nature of the tests and their results were not released, but press reports indicate that she did not have ovaries or a uterus, and had testosterone levels intermediate between the averages for males and females. In the end, the IAAF agreed to keep the results of her tests confidential, and Caster was allowed to keep her medal and return to international competition in 2010. In both cases, what the IAAF considers the threshold for determining who can compete as a female has not been stated. Based on what is known about the test results in this case and the hypothetical tests in the first case, do you think the outcome in each case was fair?
During the menstrual cycle, a midcycle surge of _____ triggers ovulation. a. estrogen b. progesterone c. LH d. FSH
How Is Sex Determined? The absence of a Y chromosome in an early embryo causes the: a. embryonic testis to become an ovary b. Wolffian duct system to develop c. Mllerian duct system to degenerate d. indifferent gonad to become an ovary e. indifferent gonad to become a testis
As outlined in this chapter, sex can be defined at several levels: chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic. To this we can add psychological sex, the sex one believes themselves to be. Determining someones sex is a complex issue that is often difficult to resolve, as the case of Bruce Reimer (see Section 7.1) illustrates. In spite of the complexity surrounding this issue, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAFF) still use sex testing on female athletes to determine whether they can compete in athletic events as females. This has led to serious personal, social, and legal issues, and the practice has been widely condemned and widely defended. Lets examine two such cases here. An Indian athlete, Santhi Soundarajan, finished second in the 800-meter run at the Asian Games in Doha, Qatar, in 2006. After the race, she was asked to take a sex test. According to press reports, the tests showed that she appeared to have abnormal chromosomes. An official stated that she had more Y chromosomes than allowed. As a result, she was stripped of her medal, banned from further competition by the Indian Olympic Association, and shunned by her local community. Before the race in Doha, Santhi had competed in 8 international competitions and won 12 medals. Sometime after this incident, she attempted suicide. She now runs a training school for athletes in Tamil Nadu, India. Although the number and types of tests done on Santhi have not been revealed, such tests usually involve examination of the external genitals, a chromosome analysis, and measurement of hormone levels. Suppose you were on the committee deciding whether Santhi could compete as a female. Consider each of the following hypothetical tests one at a time and base your conclusions only on the results of that test. The results of a physical examination show she has female genitals. On this basis, would you allow her to keep her medal and compete as a female in future races? Suppose the results of a chromosomal analysis shows that she has an XY chromosome set and is chromosomally male. Would you allow her to keep her medal and compete as a female? Lastly, suppose a test for hormone levels shows that she has levels of the male sex hormone testosterone that are higher than average for females but at least 10 times lower than the average for males. Would you allow her to keep her medal and compete in future races as a female? Now, put the results of all three tests together, and consider them as a whole. What are your conclusions? Now, lets consider the case of a South African runner, Caster Semenya, who won the 800-meter run at the World Championships held in Berlin, Germany, in 2009. After the race, she was asked to undergo sex testing. The IAAF stated that the tests were requested to ascertain whether she had a rare medical condition that gave her an unfair physical advantage. The nature of the tests and their results were not released, but press reports indicate that she did not have ovaries or a uterus, and had testosterone levels intermediate between the averages for males and females. In the end, the IAAF agreed to keep the results of her tests confidential, and Caster was allowed to keep her medal and return to international competition in 2010. In both cases, what the IAAF considers the threshold for determining who can compete as a female has not been stated. Would you recommend that testing of female athletes be continued to ensure that males do not compete as females? Or should all such testing be banned?
Compared to separate sexes and assuming self-fertilizing is not possible, what might be one advantage and one disadvantage to hermaphroditism?
Label the early development stages shown in the following diagram.
of the given answers What are the possible sex chromosome combinations for children with the pseudohermaphroditic condition congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)? Check All That Apply XXXX XYXY XY lacking the SRY geneXY lacking the SRY gene XX with a copy of the SRY gene
Q =ZFEnwngiKHy7x16iaAVFWd_WDmYw: 1670237180486&source=lnm... ols diagrammatic presentation Chegg fertilization positive LH S Ges Gin FSH High levels of estrogen in the blood exert release of inhibits menstruation female reproductive system Influence of hormones on the ovarian cycle Complete the following statements to assess your understanding of the influence that hormones produced by the anterior pituitary have on the ovarian cycle. Not all choices will be used. ovulation corpus luteum The increasing amount of progesterone in the blood the luteal phase comes to an end. N G g and to halt the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. During the luteal phase, LH promotes the development of the progesterone. A spike in estrogen levels also causes a sudden secretion of a large amount of hypothalamus. This leads to a surge of LH, which causes cycle. During the follicular stage, from the anterior pituitary stimulates the development of an ovarian follicle, which produces estrogen and a small…
Clomiphene Citrate is a fertility drug that stimulates hypothalamic secretion of Gonadotropin releasing Hormone (GnRH) in females and induces ovulation. Explain how increased GnRH with Clomiphene Citrate treatment would affect follicle maturation and ovulation in women (explain how increased GnRH would affect FSH, LH, Estrogen, and ovulation).