In skeletal muscle glucose uptake is by the facilitated diffusion A transporter with is found intracellularly, but localizes to the cell surface upon stimulation by GLUT4 A/ In the liver glucose transporter which uptake is by the move glucose by insulin insulin A Use the word bank below to fill in the blanks. Selected the best answer and copy exactly to facilitate electronic grading. Word Bank: calcium, epinephrine, facilitated diffusion, glucagon, GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT4, GLUT5, insulin, primary active transport, secondary active transport, SGLT, simple diffusion
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- Insulin signals activate all of the following enzymes except: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) Protein kinase B (PKB; or Akt) All of the above enzymes are activated by insulin signals Citrate move in and out of mitochondria via a specific transport protein. What would happen if aninhibitor completely inhibited this transport system? Fatty acid biosynthesis would slow down Ketone body synthesis would slow down Both A and B Neither A nor BDigoxin, a toxin derived from the foxglove (shown), can be used to treat heart disorders such as atrial fibrillation. Digoxin’s mechanism of action is to inhibit the Na+/K+ ATPase. Which of the following is the most likely side effect of Digoxin treatment? Failure to transport glucose into cells during an extended fast Failure to transport glucose into cells after after eating a large meal Enhanced response of muscle cells to Acetylcholine Failure to transport Cl- out of the cell using direct active transportComplete the following chart about PDHK activity by determining if the molecule would be in high or low concentration or which pathway would be active. Molecule or pathway Low Energy State High Energy State Руruvate ATP/ADP Acetyl-CoA/CoA NADH/ NAD* Glycolysis/gluconeogenesis Insulin/Glucagon
- Which of the following are true about how pancreatic β cells sense blood glucose levels and release insulin? (select all that apply) Group of answer choices The first step of glycolysis (producing glucose 6-phosphate) is more efficient in pancreatic β cells than in muscle glucose transporters in pancreatic β cells have a higher affinity for glucose than the transporters in other tissues Increased production of ATP is used as a signal that blood glucose is high Insulin is released when blood glucose levels are high Increases in ATP open a K+ channel Influx of Ca2+ stimulates insulin releasePeople with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus are generally not ketosis prone. This is thought to be a result of: the lack of increase in glucagons in the se individuals the presence of insulin in the individuals their obesity the fact that, their blood glucose levels do not tend to rise significantly Metabolic actions of insulin include all of the following except: increased glycogenesis decreased gluconeogenesis increased basal metabolic rate increased skeletal muscle amino acid up-take all of the above are metabolic actions of insulinDiscuss the pathology of a condition in which glucose regulation (in the blood and/or urine) presents problems for patients. What causes this condition? How is glucose monitoring accomplished, and how is it indicative of the patient's level of proper biological function? Explain on a cellular level how this glucose imbalance arises. Also explain the science behind the monitoring technique. Most importantly, what measures can be taken by patients to correct for this glucose imbalance in the long term? Why do these measures work?
- Which might be a physiological phenotype associated with loss of function of GLUT1? inability of glucose to enter the intestinal cells from the intestinal lumen and high glucose excreted accumulation of glucose in the intestinal epithelial cytoplasm loss of glucose transport into somatic tissues (such as neurons in the brain) low glucose levels in the bloodstreamI need to see a line graph for the following data and which (if any) of the individuals (A or B) has diabetes? Also, if the time period was extended to six hours, what would the expected glucose level for Person B be?The hormone, glucagon, is released in the body when glucose levels are low. Briefly describe how each of the following participate in the response to glucagon: gluconeogenesis glycolysis F16BP F26BP PFK-1 PFK-2 FBPase-1 FBPase-2
- Gluconeogenesis occurs in muscle using the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase. True FalseChoose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. necessary for the activation of heterotrimeric G-proteins primary signal that activates platelets pertussis toxin adenylate cyclase hormones acting over long distances…Which of the following is the correct summary of the anaerobic breakdown of glucose in the skeletal muscle? Glucose + ADP + Pi ⟶ lactate + ATP Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi ⟶ 2 lactate + 2ATP Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ ⟶ 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ Glucose + ADP + Pi ⟶ pyruvate + ATP Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi ⟶ 2 pyruvate + 2ATP