Read over the following article from the New York Times. It describes a study in which researchers look at the role of the central nervous system in developing muscle strength.Complete the following:1. Briefly summarize the article Provide information about the study as to what they were looking at and any results or findings.2. Briefly discuss some of the concepts from the adaptations to Resistance Training and how they may relate to what the journal discussed. PHYS EDHow We Get StrongerWeight training prompts changes in the nervous system that prime the muscles to getbigger and stronger.By Gretchen Reynolds⚫July 1, 2020, 5:00 a.m. ETWhen we start to lift weights, our muscles do not strengthen and change at first, but ournervous systems do, according to a fascinating new study in animals of the cellulareffects of resistance training. The study, which involved monkeys performing theequivalent of multiple one-armed pull-ups, suggests that strength training is morephysiologically intricate than most of us might have imagined and that our conceptionof what constitutes strength might be too narrow.Those of us who join a gym — or, because of the current pandemic restrictions andconcerns, take up body-weight training at home - may feel some initial disappointmentwhen our muscles do not rapidly bulge with added bulk. In fact, certain people,including some women and most preadolescent children, add little obvious musclemass, no matter how long they lift.But almost everyone who starts weight training soon becomes able to generate moremuscular force, meaning they can push, pull and raise more weight than before, eventhough their muscles may not look any larger and stronger.Scientists have known for some time that these early increases in strength must involvechanges in the connections between the brain and muscles. The process appears toinvolve particular bundles of neurons and nerve fibers that carry commands from thebrain's motor cortex, which controls muscular contractions, to the spinal cord and, fromthere, to the muscles. If those commands become swifter and more forceful, the muscleson the receiving end should respond with mightier contractions. Functionally, theywould be stronger.But the mechanics of these nervous system changes have been unclear. Understandingthe mechanics better could also have clinical applications: If scientists and doctors wereto better understand how the nervous system changes during resistance training, theymight be better able to help people who lose strength or muscular control after a stroke, for example, or as a result of aging or for other reasons.So, for the new study, which was published in June in the Journal of Neuroscience,researchers with the Institute of Neuroscience at Newcastle University in Englanddecided to teach two female macaque monkeys to lift weights, and the researcherswatched what happened to their nerves.They began by surgically implanting tiny transmitters and electrodes in the monkeys(complying with regulations for humane treatment of animals during research). Theseelectrodes would stimulate different sets of nerves, so the researchers could track hownerve responses changed as the animals lifted.Macaque monkeys, like humans and other primates, have two major bundles of nervesthat transmit messages from the motor cortex. One, called the reticulospinal tract, isancient in evolutionary terms, with connections throughout the brain and into thebrainstem. Many species, including rodents and reptiles, sport a reticulospinal tract.These nerves generally direct broad motor skills, like posture.But most exercise neuroscientists have long believed that a separate bundle of nerves,called the corticospinal tract, is most likely involved in increasing muscle strength whenwe start weight training. The corticospinal tract is younger in evolutionary terms andmore refined than the reticulospinal tract, controlling fine motor skills like graspingobjects. It is found in primates, like us and monkeys, but rarely in reptiles.The researchers began prompting the monkeys to lift, using treats to get them to pull aweighted lever with their right arms, while the scientists measured which nerves becamemost activated and by how much - before, during and after the workouts.For almost three months, the monkeys trained five times a week, with the researchersincreasing the amount of resistance on the lever until the monkeys could complete aworkout equivalent "to a human doing 50 one-armed pull-ups," said Isabel Glover, aneuroscientist and author of the new study with Stuart Baker, the director of theMovement Laboratory at Newcastle University.This impressive gain in strength was driven, the electrode data showed, by changes inone set of nerves, which began sending progressively stronger, more urgent commandsto the muscles. But it was not the corticospinal tract. It was, instead, the older, moreprimitive reticulospinal tract that strengthened when the animals lifted.This finding underscores that "strength isn't just about muscle mass," Dr. Glover said."You get stronger because the neural input to your muscles increases."Perhaps more poetically, the data tell us that strength may be even more fundamental toour well-being than we already expect, since gaining it involves and alters some of themost ancient components of our central nervous system.Of course, this study was conducted with macaques, which are not people, although they"have a very similar nervous system to humans," Dr. Baker said.It also was small, involving only two monkeys, neither of them male. "These are reallyfundamental features of motor control, so we wouldn't expect any differences betweenmales and females," Dr. Baker said. But it is impossible yet to be certain.Even with those caveats, though, the results intimate that we most likely are hard-wiredto respond quickly and well to weight training and should not be deterred if our musclesdo not at first bulge. "Initial gains are all about strengthening the reticulospinal tract,"Dr. Baker said. "Only later do the muscles actually start to grow."

Question

Read over the following article from the New York Times. It describes a study in which researchers look at the role of the central nervous system in developing muscle strength.Complete the following:1. Briefly summarize the article    Provide information about the study as to what they were looking at and any results or findings.2. Briefly discuss some of the concepts from the adaptations to Resistance Training and how they may relate to what the journal discussed. PHYS EDHow We Get StrongerWeight training prompts changes in the nervous system that prime the muscles to getbigger and stronger.By Gretchen Reynolds⚫July 1, 2020, 5:00 a.m. ETWhen we start to lift weights, our muscles do not strengthen and change at first, but ournervous systems do, according to a fascinating new study in animals of the cellulareffects of resistance training. The study, which involved monkeys performing theequivalent of multiple one-armed pull-ups, suggests that strength training is morephysiologically intricate than most of us might have imagined and that our conceptionof what constitutes strength might be too narrow.Those of us who join a gym — or, because of the current pandemic restrictions andconcerns, take up body-weight training at home - may feel some initial disappointmentwhen our muscles do not rapidly bulge with added bulk. In fact, certain people,including some women and most preadolescent children, add little obvious musclemass, no matter how long they lift.But almost everyone who starts weight training soon becomes able to generate moremuscular force, meaning they can push, pull and raise more weight than before, eventhough their muscles may not look any larger and stronger.Scientists have known for some time that these early increases in strength must involvechanges in the connections between the brain and muscles. The process appears toinvolve particular bundles of neurons and nerve fibers that carry commands from thebrain's motor cortex, which controls muscular contractions, to the spinal cord and, fromthere, to the muscles. If those commands become swifter and more forceful, the muscleson the receiving end should respond with mightier contractions. Functionally, theywould be stronger.But the mechanics of these nervous system changes have been unclear. Understandingthe mechanics better could also have clinical applications: If scientists and doctors wereto better understand how the nervous system changes during resistance training, theymight be better able to help people who lose strength or muscular control after a stroke, for example, or as a result of aging or for other reasons.So, for the new study, which was published in June in the Journal of Neuroscience,researchers with the Institute of Neuroscience at Newcastle University in Englanddecided to teach two female macaque monkeys to lift weights, and the researcherswatched what happened to their nerves.They began by surgically implanting tiny transmitters and electrodes in the monkeys(complying with regulations for humane treatment of animals during research). Theseelectrodes would stimulate different sets of nerves, so the researchers could track hownerve responses changed as the animals lifted.Macaque monkeys, like humans and other primates, have two major bundles of nervesthat transmit messages from the motor cortex. One, called the reticulospinal tract, isancient in evolutionary terms, with connections throughout the brain and into thebrainstem. Many species, including rodents and reptiles, sport a reticulospinal tract.These nerves generally direct broad motor skills, like posture.But most exercise neuroscientists have long believed that a separate bundle of nerves,called the corticospinal tract, is most likely involved in increasing muscle strength whenwe start weight training. The corticospinal tract is younger in evolutionary terms andmore refined than the reticulospinal tract, controlling fine motor skills like graspingobjects. It is found in primates, like us and monkeys, but rarely in reptiles.The researchers began prompting the monkeys to lift, using treats to get them to pull aweighted lever with their right arms, while the scientists measured which nerves becamemost activated and by how much - before, during and after the workouts.For almost three months, the monkeys trained five times a week, with the researchersincreasing the amount of resistance on the lever until the monkeys could complete aworkout equivalent &#34;to a human doing 50 one-armed pull-ups,&#34; said Isabel Glover, aneuroscientist and author of the new study with Stuart Baker, the director of theMovement Laboratory at Newcastle University.This impressive gain in strength was driven, the electrode data showed, by changes inone set of nerves, which began sending progressively stronger, more urgent commandsto the muscles. But it was not the corticospinal tract. It was, instead, the older, moreprimitive reticulospinal tract that strengthened when the animals lifted.This finding underscores that &#34;strength isn't just about muscle mass,&#34; Dr. Glover said.&#34;You get stronger because the neural input to your muscles increases.&#34;Perhaps more poetically, the data tell us that strength may be even more fundamental toour well-being than we already expect, since gaining it involves and alters some of themost ancient components of our central nervous system.Of course, this study was conducted with macaques, which are not people, although they&#34;have a very similar nervous system to humans,&#34; Dr. Baker said.It also was small, involving only two monkeys, neither of them male. &#34;These are reallyfundamental features of motor control, so we wouldn't expect any differences betweenmales and females,&#34; Dr. Baker said. But it is impossible yet to be certain.Even with those caveats, though, the results intimate that we most likely are hard-wiredto respond quickly and well to weight training and should not be deterred if our musclesdo not at first bulge. &#34;Initial gains are all about strengthening the reticulospinal tract,&#34;Dr. Baker said. &#34;Only later do the muscles actually start to grow.&#34;

Accepted Answer

Answer 1: Summary of the article:Study Objective: Researchers wanted to understand how muscles…