supply being used (low insulin, high glucagon), then acetyl CoA with rising concentration is being produced independently of PDC. Would PDCK be active or inactive under these conditions?
Q: When the production of acetyl-CoA exceeds the body’scapacity to oxidize it, acetoacetate,…
A: The primary energy source in the body is carbohydrate metabolism. When carbohydrates are present in…
Q: Glucagon secretion inhibits intracellular acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity through a number of…
A: The hormone glucagon is capable of regulating the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. It activates…
Q: After several days of starvation, the capacity of the liver to metabolize acetyl-CoA via the citric…
A: The citric acid cycle is involved in cell respiration and produces NADH and FADH2 for the electron…
Q: Glycolysis reaction produces a molecule of Acetyl CoA. True or False?
A: Cellular respiration is that the process by which organisms mix oxygen with food molecules,…
Q: During ketosis brought on by a ketogenic diet, liver gluconeogenesis rates are high
A: Ketosis is a process when body starts burning the fats for energy due to insufficient amount of…
Q: Explain the importance to lipid metabolism of phosphorylation by Protein Kinase A using the…
A: During fasting or exercise, the triglycerides in adipose tissues are hydrolyzed into fatty acids and…
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A: When exercise or work is done by animals, there is an expenditure of some compound, which in this…
Q: Glucose uptake by cells Select one or more: Oa. Involves transporters which can be modified to…
A: C. Insulin's activities on glucose take-up are transcendently interceded by GLUT 4, which is found…
Q: What would be the effect on fatty acid synthesis of an increase in intramitochondrial oxaloacetate…
A: Fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH through the action of…
Q: What would be the effect on fatty acid synthesis of an increase in intramito- chondrial oxaloacetate…
A: An increase in the level of oxaloacetate would cause the oxaloacetate to be converted to acetyl-CoA,…
Q: Cooperation between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is important to ensure the glucose-subjected…
A: Glycolysis is breakdown of glucose to give energy to the cells. Gluconeogenesis is the formation of…
Q: What impact would an increase in intramitochondrial oxaloacetate have on fatty acid synthesis?…
A: Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon chains. Fatty acids undergo β oxidation when…
Q: Release of Acetyl CoA from the ketoacy| CoA is catalyzed by
A: First question answer is option c- thiolases,
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A: Glucose is the main source of carbohydrates that gives an ample amount of energy. This energy is…
Q: Glucagon secretion causes inhibition of intracellular acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity by several…
A: Glucagon, a hormone, has the ability to regulate the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. It is able…
Q: Citrate Synthase exists as a dimer but can catalyze the formation of only 1 citrate from Acetyl-CoA…
A: The formation of citrate from Acetyl- CoA, and Oxaloacetate is catalyzed by the enzyme citrate…
Q: What is the physiologic significance of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?What's the biochemical basis…
A: Hi! As you have asked multiple questions, we are answering only the first two for you. If you need…
Q: During periods of stress or fasting, blood glucose levels fall.In response, fatty acids are released…
A: A major source of energy in the body is glucose. The breakdown of glucose leads to the production of…
Q: In type I diabetes mellitus, excessive production of acetyl-CoA may surpass the body’s capacity to…
A: Ketone bodies serves as an alternative source of energy for the brain when glucose becomes limiting…
Q: Indicate what will happen ( increase, decrease or no effect) tothe activity of the enzyme or rate of…
A: Metabolism refers to the anabolism as well as catabolism of biomolecules including lipids, proteins,…
Q: Which of the following is NOT a fate of pyruvate in metabolism? . Conversion to alanine as its…
A: Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis that occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Pyruvate…
Q: Elevated liver NADH levels favours gluconeogenesis.
A: Introduction: The liver is a fundamental organ that has numerous roles in the body, including making…
Q: Which of the following steps DOES NOT require ATP? A. The preparatory phase of glycolysis В.…
A: ATP or Adenosine triphosphate is the basic energy currency of the cell which is the end product of…
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A: Von Gierke's disease is also called as glycogen storage disease type I. It is a genetic disorder…
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A: Glucose is a monosaccharide sugar molecule with six carbon. It is an important energy source for…
Q: Describe how the glucose-alanine cycle acts to transportammonia to the liver
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Q: Assume that glycolysis is completely inhibited and thus glucose cannot be converted to pyruvate.…
A: Glycolysis is a ten-step pathway of glucose breakdown that involve the production of three carbon…
Q: If the TCA cycle is over-stimulated, too much of _____ will be produced. acetyl-CoA…
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Q: Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false. If false, correct the statement…
A: Malonyl-CoA is a focal metabolite in fatty acid bio-chemistry. It is the rate-deciding intermediate…
Q: rounds of beta axidation are required to produce complete oxidation of this fatty acid: CH3(CH2)7CH…
A: Beta oxidation is a fatty acid (FA) oxidation process which occurs in the mitochondria. Fatty acids…
Q: GTP or ATP is produced during the conversion of ________. a. isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate b.…
A: A purine nucleoside triphosphate is guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP). During the transcription…
Q: Stimulation of a certain Gs protein–coupled receptor activates protein kinase A (PKA). Predict the…
A: A protein kinase is a kinase which modifies other proteins by covalently adding phosphates to them…
Q: Part 2 In a cell stimulated by insulin, glucose is abundant. Explain how the high rate of fatty acid…
A: The energy needs of the human body must be fulfilled despite the fluctuations in nutrient…
Q: Discuss the metabolic control for HMG CoA reductase synthesis and activity
A: HMG CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A) reductase, or HMGCR, is the primary rate-limiting…
Q: Glucose undergoes multiple changes during cellular respiration, they are the conversions of glucose…
A: The overall chemical reaction of cellular respiration converts one six-carbon molecule of glucose…
Q: Predict which one of the five steps of the a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex reaction is…
A: α ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is an enzyme complex that catalyzes the conversion of α…
Q: When the acetyl-CoA produced during β-oxidation in the liver exceeds the capacity of the citric acid…
A: Starting at the carboxyl end, two carbons from acyl-CoA molecules are cleaved at a time in the…
Q: (a) Briefly describe the relationship between intracellular malonyl- CoA levels in the liver and the…
A: Malonyl Coa has long been recognised as an important precursor of fatty acid biosynthesis in…
Q: When blood [glucose] is high and a cell’s energy needs are met, insulin stimulates glycogen…
A: The hormone created by the pancreas includes insulin. It functions to regulate the blood sugar…
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- The binding of insulin to its receptor on the surface of atarget cell activates the receptor’s tyrosine kinase activity,which in turn causes several phosphorylation cascades thatalter the activity of numerous enzymes and alters the expression of genes. Describe how one of these phosphorylationcascades stimulates glycogen synthesis.Phosphorylase kinase integrates signals from thecyclic-AMP-dependent and Ca2+-dependent signalingpathways that control glycogen breakdown in liver andmuscle cells (Figure Q15–4). Phosphorylase kinase is com-posed of four subunits. One is the protein kinase that cata-lyzes the addition of phosphate to glycogen phosphorylaseto activate it for glycogen breakdown. The other three sub-units are regulatory proteins that control the activity of thecatalytic subunit. Two contain sites for phosphorylation byPKA, which is activated by cyclic AMP. The remaining sub-unit is calmodulin, which binds Ca2+ when the cytosolicCa2+ concentration rises. The regulatory subunits controlthe equilibrium between the active and inactive confor-mations of the catalytic subunit, with each phosphate andCa2+ nudging the equilibrium toward the active confor-mation. How does this arrangement allow phosphorylasekinase to serve its role as an integrator protein for the mul-tiple pathways that stimulate glycogen…The pyruvate kinase isozyme in cancerous cells has low activity compared to the isozymes in other tissues. What effect would this have on the cells and how does it promote tumor growth?
- What would you expect if a patient carries a mutation in Hexokinase IV (HKIV) that lowers the Km from 10mM to 4mM? O HKIV is still regulated by its product G6P so nothing will change This change is irrelevant since HKIV is only expressed in muscle cells mutant HKIV will have a greater change in reaction velocity in response to change in Glucose levels O mutant HKIV will have a reduced change in reaction velocity in response to change in Glucose levels O Mutant HKIV will always be less saturated by glucose compared to WT HKIVExplain the importance to lipid metabolism of phosphorylation by Protein Kinase A using the following proteins: perilipin; hormone-sensitive lipase; acetyl CoA carboxylaseIn order for a fatty acid stored in an adipocyte to be oxidized by a muscle cell, which of the following will need to be present/utilized? Check all that apply. Multiple answers can be selected Acyl CoA Synthetase CD36 malate-aspartate shuttle dephosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase GLUT 4
- Diabetes often results in the production of reduced levels of insulin. Researchers claim that a drug that binds to and blocks the active site of GSK3 might mimic the role of insulin in the pathway shown in Figure 2. Provide reasoning to justify the researchers' claim.Which of the following is likely to be correct if all mutases are completely inhibited?a. Removal of glucosyl residues from nonreducing ends of glycogen in the liver is compromised;therefore, release of free glucose into blood from the liver would decreaseb. Glycerol can be efficiently converted into glucose but cannot be efficiently converted into glucosylresidues in glycogen in the liverc. Bothaandbd. Neither a nor bWhich of the following are associated with a highly active Glycogen Phosphorylase pathway? ATP cyclic AMP G-protein bound to receptor GDP bound to G-protein Phosphorylated Glycogen Phosphorylase Phosphorylated Phosphorylase Kinase Phosphorylated Protein Kinase A
- For each of the following proteins describe how the protein function would be altered (or not) in the following scenarios: A receptor tyrosine kinase that always dimerizes even in the absence of ligand 3-ketoacyl-CoA transferase (SCOT) that is expressed in the liver. CPT1 that doesn’t have a malonyl binding site 4. acylCoA dehydrogenase with complex V inhibitedHigh [ATP] slows glycolysis and speeds of gluconeogenesis because (check all that apply): Pyruvate kinase is allosterically inhibited by low [ATP] PFK-1 is allosterically inhibited by low [ATP] FBPase-1 is inhibited by high [AMP] FBPase-1 is inhibited by low [AMP] Pyruvate kinase is allosterically inhibited by high [ATP] PFK-1 is allosterically inhibited by high [ATP]In class, I mentioned that fructose is metabolized differently in the liver compared to glucose. Refer to the figure shown below to calculate the number ofATPs you would expect from the metabolism of fructose in the liver. Show your work! Fructokinase Fructose Fructose-1-P АТР ADP Aldolase B Dihydroxy- acetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde АТР Triose kinase Triose phosphate isomerase ADP 4 - Glyceraldehyde-3-P Glycolysis Руruvate Acetyl-CoA Fatty acids and triglycerides