The formation of water from O2 (46+ 4H02-2H₂01 Select] mitochondrial membrance because it the reaction takes place in the Select] the maintenance of the proton electrochemical gradient across the inner # space.
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- Using a generalized terminology (i.e. neither CIII nor CIV specific), explain how complex III and IV act as electron/proton charge separation device (not a proton pump) in mitochondria bioenergetics to create electron potential through the iner mitochondria membraneConsidering that 22.4 kJ/mole is required to transport 1 H+ across the mitochondrial membrane,how much energy is available for proton translocation from the oxidation of FADH2 at Complex II? Answer: 134 kJ/mol Can you please explain why the answer would be 134 kJ/mol?The proton-motive force is a measure of the potential energy generated across the mitochondrial inner membrane during electron transport. Explain the factors that constitute this potential energy, that will be converted to the chemical energy of ATP by the cell
- The reduction potentials of iron in each of the cytochromes in the electron transport complexesvary from 0.The reduction potentials of iron in each of the cytochromes in the electron transport complexes vary from 0.1 V to 0.39 V. Explain why these different values are necessary for the operation of this processTrue statements regarding the TCA cycle EXCEPT Its metabolic product is ATP. It produces carbon dioxide and the reducing equivalents NADH and FADH2. It is a process in the mitochondrial matrix. It utilizes a 2-carbon acetyl group, condense with a 4-carbon oxaloacetate to form a tricarboxylic citrate.In the mitochondrial disease MNGIE a deficiency of thymidine phosphorylase causes dTTP to accumulate in mitochondria. Describe the mechanism by which this occurs. A secondary effect is depletion of mitochondrial dCTP pools. Describe a plausible mechanism for this effect.
- Some anaerobic prokaryotes reduce elemental sulfur to H2S. Assuming 100% efficiency, how much ATP could be synthesized by the oxidation of acetate by S under standard conditions?Oxidative phosphorylation generates ATP using the reducing power of [ Select ] ["NADH, FADH2", "malate", "", ""] to move electrons down a series of carriers to ultimately produce a [ Select ] ["phosphate gradient", "proton gradient"] across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is used by ATP synthase to make ATP. ATP synthase harnesses the energy stored in both [ Select ] ["charge and concentration gradients", "electrostatic and van der Waals interactions"] to achieve high energy phosphate bond synthesis. If the ion gradient across the inner membrane is dissipated by the expression of UCP1, ATP is not synthesized and [ Select ] ["heat is generated", "electron transport is blocked"] . The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is [ Select ] ["oxygen", "carbon dioxide"] with water as a product.The toxicity of cyanide (CN-) results from its binding to the iron atoms of the cytochrome aa3 (complex IV) and subsequent inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport. How does this cyanide–iron complex prevent oxygen from accepting electrons from the electron transport chain?
- Oxidative phosphorylation generates ATP using the reducing power of [NADH, FADH2 or malate] to move electrons down a series of carriers to ultimately produce a [phosphate gradient or protons gradient] across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is used by ATP synthase to make ATP. ATP synthase harnesses the energy stored in both [charge and concentration gradients or electostatic and van der waals interations] to achieve high energy phosphate bond synthesis. If the ion gradient across the inner membrane is dissipated by the expression of UCP1, ATP is not synthesized and [heat is generated or electron transport is blocked]. The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is [oxygen or carbon dioxide] with water as a product.Urea formation is energetically expensive, requiring theexpenditure of 4 mol of ATP per mole of urea formed.However, NADH is produced when fumarate is reconvertedto aspartate. How many ATP molecules are produced bythe mitochondrial oxidation of the NADH? What is the netATP requirement for urea synthesis?Although the outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable to all small molecules, the inner mitochondrial membrane is essentially impermeable in the absence of specific transport proteins. Consider this information answer: Present two types of benefits derived from separating the reactions of glycolysis in the cytosol from those that occur during the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrion.