The thiolate anion of CoA acts as a/an nucleophile attacking the carbonyl carbon of the enzyme bound intermediate, displacing AMP and forming a fatty acyl CoA.
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- Show the structure of each intermediate in the conversion of b-hydroxybutyryl-ACP to butyryl-ACP by the fatty acid synthetase complex. Show where cofactors participate. In your first intermediate, circle the carbon atoms derived from malonyl-CoA.Fatty acids are converted to their coenzyme A esters in a reversible reaction catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase: R-COO +ATP +COA R-C-COA +AMP + PPi a) The reaction involves two steps the first of which forms an enzyme-bound intermediate identified as the mixed anhydride of the fatty acid and AMP: R-C-O-P-O-nibose-adenine Write two chemical equations coresponding to the two steps of the reaction catalyzed by the synthetase. b) The acyl-CoA synthetase reaction as written above is readily reversible. How might the reaction be made to favor formation of fatty acyl-CoA? Write within the box. Anything outside the box will not be graded. From theConsider the each of the amino acids in the peptide below. Ala-Ile-Asp-Arg-Gln-Gly-Pro-Gly-Ala-Tyr-Val-Ile-Gln-Leu If all of the amino acids are degraded to yield energy (ATP), explain how many Acetyl CoAs for oxidation to CO2 could be produced from this peptide. note: Do not make glucose at the beginning, however converting the TCA intermediates into molecules in the glycolytic pathway for optimal Acetyl CoA production is allowed. Be sure to show clearly which pathway will the Acetyl CoA enter (to yield ATP ultimately) under such condition
- Arrange the steps of breakdown of oleic acid (pictured below) in the correct order. 1 2 3 4 5 activation by acyl-CoAsynthe ✓ [Choose ] one cycle ofß-oxidationbeginning at the enoyl-CoAhydratasestep three cycles ofẞ-oxidation five cycles ofß-oxidation activation by acyl-CoAsynthetase enoyl-CoAisomeraseactivity enoyl-CoAisomeraseactivity V one cycle ofß-oxidationbegini V five cycles ofß-oxidation OHA biological Claisen reaction occurs in the conversion of two acetyl CoA molecules to one acetoacetyl CoA. Analyze each step of the incomplete mechanism and add the missing curved arrows. The base is abbreviated as B: in the mechanism.In class, I mentioned that fructose is metabolized differently in the liver compared to glucose. Refer to the figure shown below to calculate the number ofATPs you would expect from the metabolism of fructose in the liver. Show your work! Fructokinase Fructose Fructose-1-P АТР ADP Aldolase B Dihydroxy- acetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde АТР Triose kinase Triose phosphate isomerase ADP 4 - Glyceraldehyde-3-P Glycolysis Руruvate Acetyl-CoA Fatty acids and triglycerides
- One of the regulators of the TCA cycle is succinyl CoA. Discuss the rationale for this molecule to be used to regulate the TCA cycle [include chemical structures and chemical equations where appropriate]. What is an allosteric inhibitor? How does it operate? For what TCA enzymes does succinyl CoA act as an inhibitor? What is the metabolic role of succinyl CoA? So then why is this molecule a reasonable choice as an inhibitor of the TCA?Draw the products of the reaction of xylulose-5-phosphate and erythrose-4-phosphate catalyzed by transketolase in the pentose phosphate pathway. Provide the structure in the protonation state found in physiological conditions. H H H OH FO HO-H H-OH H OPO3²- Q transketolase Draw glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate H H- H H H O OH OH OPO3²- Draw fructose-6- phosphate Q I IWhich of the following is most helpful in ensuring that wasteful (unproductive) hydrolysis of acetyl CoA does not occur in the reaction catalyzed by citrate synthase? Group of answer choices Citrate synthase is a tetramer Induced fit ensures oxaloacetate binds before acetyl CoA 3 molecules of oxaloacetate bind for every 1 molecule of acetyl CoA Citrate inhibits the reaction Which of the following catalyzes a step that does NOT produce CO2? Group of answer choices alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex malate dehydrogenase pyruvate dehydrogenase complex isocitrate dehydrogenase Citrate synthase is regulated by... Group of answer choices Concentrations of substrate and products Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate Covalent modification Allosteric regulation by the levels of NADDH
- Draw a schematic illustration of the hydrolysis of N-acetylphenylalaninamide catalyzed byalpha-chymotrypsin in which you indicate the important catalytic residues in the active site and how thesubstrate undergoes transformation to products through two different tetrahedral intermediates.Although animals cannot synthesize glucose from acetyl-CoA, if a rat is fed 14C-labeled acetate, some of the label appears in glycogen extracted from its muscles. Explain.Aminolevulinate (ALA) synthase is a pyridoxal phosphate containing enzyme displaying a non-sequential (ping-pong) enzyme mechanism. It catalyses the reaction: glycine + succinyl-CoA ⇌ aminolevulinate + CO2 Draw a Cleland diagram (diagram illustrating when the substrates and products form an enzyme substrate complex) for this reaction if glycine is the first substrate to bind.