When a molecule is conserved through evolution, strong immunogenicity does not develop, this occurs because: a. The molecule would have many differences at the primary chain level between species b. The molecule has no significant structural differences c. The epitopes on that molecule do not vary much between species d. The immune system would not recognize these epitopes as foreign e. At least two of the above are true. If I transplant a serum with hemoglobin from a different species into a human, it will produce less immunogenicity than if I transplant a myosin molecule from another species. a. TRUE b. False
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- There have been recurring cases of mad-cow disease in the United Kingdom since the mid-1990s. Mad-cow disease is caused by a prion, an infectious particle that consists only of protein. In 1986, the media began reporting that cows all over England were dying from a mysterious disease. Initially, there was little interest in determining whether humans could be affected. For 10 years, the British government maintained that this unusual disease could not be transmitted to humans. However, in March 1996, the government did an about-face and announced that bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad-cow disease, can be transmitted to humans, where it is known as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (VCJD). As in cows, this disease eats away at the nervous system, destroying the brain and essentially turning it into a spongelike structure filled with holes. Victims experience dementia; confusion; loss of speech, sight, and hearing; convulsions; coma; and finally death. Prion diseases are always fatal, and there is no treatment. Precautionary measures taken in Britain to prevent this disease in humans may have begun too late. Many of the victims contracted it over a decade earlier, when the BSE epidemic began, and the incubation period is long (VCJD has an incubation period of 10 to 40 years). A recent study concluded that 1 in 2,000 people in Great Britain carry the abnormally folded protein that causes VCJD. In spite of these numbers, the death rate from VCJD remains low. It is not clear whether this means that the incubation period for the disease is much longer than previously thought, or whether they may never develop the disease. How can a prion replicate itself without genetic material?The process by which point mutations cause slight changes in the spike proteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of the influenza virus is called O antigenic drift O tranformation O antigenic shift O transductionHybridoma technology allows one to generatemonoclonal antibodies to virtually any protein. Why isit, then, that genetically tagging proteins with epitopes issuch a commonly used technique, especially since an epi-tope tag has the potential to interfere with the function ofthe protein?
- Complete the following analogy, based on tne comparisons made in the reading: "Why our flu vaccines can't keep up": Birds : Storm : Flu virus : O Antigenic shift O Evolution Human immnune response O MutationHookworms, parasitic nematodes transmitted through contact between bare feet and soil,infect nearly a half billion people. In the small SE Asian nation of Timor-Leste, infection rates insome regions approach 70%, and the resulting anemia from these infections has a serious impacton quality of life. Health officials are concerned by a recent rise in Ivermectin-resistant cases inthe isolated enclave of Oecussi, and are worried about these drug resistance genes spreading tothe capital Dili, 165 km away. You genotype diploid female hookworms, Ancylostoma ceylanicum,from 100 patients in each location for a neutral locus with two alleles A1 & A2.You find the following genotypic count data: A1/A1 A1/A2 A2/A2 Oecussi 36 48 16 Dili 9 42 3a. Use these data to calculate FST between these two populations. 3b. Assuming that these two populations are in drift/migration equilibrium, what is the effectivenumber of migrants moving between them each generationYou are a pediatric specialty nurse caring for a patient infected with the mumps virus. The virus has infected the parotid salivary glands producing acute illness. Which of the following apply during the early, symptomatic stages of illness: O The patient has previously been vaccinated against the mumps virus O The patient has a population of mumps-specific memory cells O The patient has a high level of mumps-specific IgE O The patient has a small number of mumps-specific TH, Tc, and B cells O The patient has no mumps-specific TH, Tc, and B cells
- Explain why the effect of a genotype on a phenotypecannot always be determined without knowing whatthe environment is, and why the effect of a particularenvironment on a phenotype cannot always be determinedwithout knowing what the genotype is.From: "Why our flu vaccines can't keep up" In a population with herd immunity... O The virus spreads, but the symptoms it produces are mild. O The virus spreads, but the symptoms it produces are short-lived. O The virus does not spread because there are too few hosts to maintain the virus population. O The virus does not spread because the hosts move, or migrate, too quickly from one area to another.two viruses infect the same cell. This results in the production of new viruses that contain genetic material from both viruses. This event is known as: O transduction O transformation O antigen drift O conjugation O antigen shift
- One of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality after a person gives birth is sepsis. Some cases are caused by invasive Group A streptococcus. What is a potential reservoir for this pathogen? A. There are so many species of Group A streptococcus that it is impossible to identify a reservoir. B. It can be normal flora in the person's throat, and respiratory secretions can be transmitted by direct contact. C. It is normal flora in the blood, and therefore colonizes the surface of the baby's skin as the baby is being born.The highly pathogenic Asian avian flu causes a fatal infection in about 60% of the individuals infected. The seasonal flu vaccine does not provide protection against this strain of Influenza. Is the highly pathogenic Asian avian flu likely to be an H1N1 or H3N2 strain of influenza? Why or why not?a. You have a test tube containing 5 ml of a solution of bacteriophages, and you would like to estimate the number of bacteriophages in the tube. Assuming the tube actually contains a total of 15 billion bacteriophages, design a serial dilution experiment that would allow you to estimate this number. Ideally, the final plaque-containing plates you count should contain more than 10 and fewer than 1000 plaques.