Which of the following would not be considered a reason for the decline in fat oxidation with increasing exercise intensity? Increased lactic acid production Reduced lactic acid production Reduced appearance of FA in the bloodstream Reduced transport of FA into the mitochondria
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Which of the following would not be considered a reason for the decline in fat oxidation with increasing exercise intensity?
-
Increased lactic acid production
-
Reduced lactic acid production
-
Reduced appearance of FA in the bloodstream
-
Reduced transport of FA into the mitochondria
Beta oxidation is a catabolic process that occurs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes to break fatty acids. In prokaryotes, it occurs in the cytoplasm, and in eukaryotes, it occurs in mitochondria.
The process involves four major enzymes including acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, hydroxy acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and ketoacyl-CoA thiolase. The end product of this process includes acetyl CoA and acyl CoA. Depending on the carbon length of the fatty acid, the number of acetyl CoA is produced.
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- which of the following is not true for a muscle that is forced to metabolize glucose anaerobically ? - The cells breakdown glucose faster - The cells produce less ATP per mole of glucose - The cells metabolize glucose to lactate - The activity of the cytosolic gycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase will be required for the muscle to sustain glycolysis - The muscle quickly experiences fatigue if it is deficient in the enzyme lactate dehydrogenaseDuring anaerobic conditions, lactate travels from the muscle to the liver via the bloodstream. What is lactate converted into when it reaches the liver before it returns back to the muscle? Glucagon Citrate Acetyl CoA Glycogen GlucoseWhich of the following is least likely to contribute to reduced fat oxidation at high intensities? Group of answer choices pick one only Inhibited lipolysis Increased lactic acid production. Inhibited FA transport into the muscle. Inhibited FA transport into the mitochondria
- Why would LDH be up- or down-regulated depending on location of cancer cells? Anaerobic cancer cells enhance rates of ATP production and rely on pyruvate to lactate conversion. LDH5 expressed can vary in favoring pyruvate for conversion to lactate (anaerobic metabolism). Aerobic compartments in newly formed fibrobasts and vessels use lactate to convert to pyruvate for oxidative phosphorylation and favor lactate conversion to pyruvate by LDH1 (aerobic metabolism). Lactate dehydrogenase is upregulated in both cancer cells and supporting stroma and vessels, thus only LDH5 is upregulated showing enhanced expression levels and thus presence at the plasma membrane to increase levels of lactate for export, LDH1 levels are always consistent. LDH1 is upregulated in response to the export of lactate by MCT1, while LDH5 is down-regulated Neither LDH1 or LDH5 are both consistently expressed, regardless of oxygen levelsIndicate whether the following metabolic processes primarily occur during the FED STATE or FASTED STATE. 1. Release of insulin 2. Release of glucagon 3. Glycolysis 4. Glycogenesis 5. Gluconeogenesis 6. Lipogenesis 7. Glycogenolysis 8. Lipolysis 9. Glucose release 10. Glucose uptakeWhich of the following conditions is most likely to force a muscle cell to metabolize glucose anaerobically(fermentation) under normal oxygenation ? - Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency - Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency -Pyruvate kinase deficiency -Aldolase deficiency - Cytososic Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
- What is the role of lactic acid? It is converted to pyruvic acid through glycolysis. It is a potentially toxic by-product of high-intensity exercise. It aids the aerobic production of ATP. It plays a critical role in supplying fuel to the working muscles, heart, and resting tissues.What type of regulation would be expected when anaerobic metabolism is occurring in the muscle? Select all that apply. O Activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase O Increased levels of calcium to activate pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase O Phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase O Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex O Increased levels of NADH to activate citrate synthase O Increased levels of NADH to inhibit alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase complex O Increased levels of acetyl CoA to activate pyruvate carboxylase for gluconeogenesisGlucose can be made from oxaloacetate during gluconeogenesis, but if oxaloacetate concentrations are decreased,what other substance can be used to make glucose? How might this contribute to increased fat loss?
- Glycogen synthase catalyzes glycogen synthesis. Determine whether each intermediate is associated with an “increase” or “decrease” and or “no effect” on the activity of glycogen synthase. Glucose 6-phosphate – cAMP –what is the effects of muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency. abnormally high levels of skeletal muscle glycogen. skeletal muscle glycogen with an abnormally high degree of branching. a deficiency of skeletal muscle glycogen. decreased production of lactate under conditions of strenuous activity. an inability to import glucose into the cell.Which of the following statements about glucose metabolism is correct? * Red blood cells can catalyse aerobic glycolysis because they contain oxygen bound to haemoglobin. Fructose cannot be used for gluconeogenesis in the liver. Glycolysis can proceed in the absence of oxygen only if pyruvate is formed from lactate in muscle. All of the reactions of glycolysis are freely reversible for gluconeogenesis. Red blood cells can only metabolise glucose by anaerobic glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway.