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- The enthalpy changes accompanying the dissociation of successive bonds in NH3(g) are 460, 390, and 314 kJ mol-1 , respectively. (a) What is the mean enthalpy of an N-H bond? (b) Do you expect the mean bond internal energy to be larger or smaller than the mean bond enthalpy? (c) Use these values,along with tabulated bond enthalpies for the N-N and H-H bonds to estimate the standard enthalpy of formation of gaseous ammonia, NH3 , at 298 K.A sample of a hydrocarbon is combusted completely inO2(g) to produce 21.83 g CO2(g), 4.47 g H2O(g), and 311 kJ ofheat. (a) What is the mass of the hydrocarbon sample thatwas combusted? (b) What is the empirical formula of thehydrocarbon? (c) Calculate the value of ΔHf° per empirical formulaunit of the hydrocarbon. (d) Do you think that thehydrocarbon is one of those listed in Appendix C? Explainyour answer.(a) What is the electrostatic potential energy (in joules) betweenan electron and a proton that are separated by 53 pm?(b) What is the change in potential energy if the distanceseparating the electron and proton is increased to 1.0 nm?(c) Does the potential energy of the two particles increase ordecrease when the distance is increased to 1.0 nm?
- Two positively charged spheres, each with a charge of 2.0x 10-5 C, a mass of 1.0 kg, and separated by a distance of 1.0 cm, are held in place on a frictionless track. (a) What is the electrostatic potential energy of this system? (b) If the spheres are released, will they move toward or away from each other? (c) What speed will each sphere attain as the distance between the spheres approaches infinity?(a) What is the electrostatic potential energy (in joules) betweentwo protons that are separated by 62 pm? (b) Whatis the change in potential energy if the distance separatingthe two is increased to 1.0 nm? (c) Does the potential energyof the two particles increase or decrease when the distanceis increased to 1.0 nm?(b) What is the first law of thermodynamic? Define the Hess law. Given the following data; 2CIF(g) + 0,(g) CI,0(g) + F,O(g) AH = 167.4 kJ AH = 341.4 kJ SH = -43,4 kJ 2CIF,(g) + 20,(g) → CĻ0(g) + 3F,O(g) 2F,(2) + O(8) → 2F,O(g) calculate AH for the reaction CIF(g) + F(8) CIF,(g)
- 3. (a) Using thermodynamics, explain the difference between a closed system and an open system. (b) State the first law in terms of internal energy of a system. In chemistry, why are changes in the enthalpy rather than internal energy used to study a chemical process. (c) State Hess's law.The table below contains some mean bond energy data: Bond C-C 348 H-H N=N Mean bond energy /kJ mol| 436 944 (i) Balance the equation below for the formation of one mole of ammonia, NH3, from its elements. N2 + H2 NH3 AH = -38 kJmol" (ii)Use the data in the table above to calculate the bond energy of N - H bond in NH3 in the reaction given in (1) above. Comment on why the value obtained is referred to as 'mean bond enthalpy (ii) Use the equation below and data from the table to calculate a value for the C=C bond energy in ethene. Bond H-H C-H C-C 348 Mean bond energy /kJ mol 436 418 нн нн С—С + Н Нэнс- с н AH = -136 kJ mol нн н Ethene Ethane(a) The electrostatic force (not energy) of attraction betweentwo oppositely charged objects is given by the equationF = k(Q1Q2>d2) where k = 8.99 x 109 N-m2/C2, Q1 andQ2 are the charges of the two objects in Coulombs, and d isthe distance separating the two objects in meters. What isthe electrostatic force of attraction (in Newtons) between anelectron and a proton that are separated by 1.00 x102 pm?(b) The force of gravity acting between two objects is givenby the equation F = G(m1m2>d2), where G is the gravitationalconstant, G = 6.674 x10-11N-m2/kg2, m1 and m2 arethe masses of the two objects, and d is the distance separatingthem. What is the gravitational force of attraction (inNewtons) between the electron and proton? (c) How manytimes larger is the electrostatic force of attraction?
- Two positively charged spheres, each with a charge of 2.0 *10-5 C, a mass of 1.0 kg, and separated by a distance of1.0 cm, are held in place on a frictionless track. (a) Whatis the electrostatic potential energy of this system? (b) Ifthe spheres are released, will they move toward or awayfrom each other? (c) What speed will each sphere attainas the distance between the spheres approaches infinity?[Section 5.1](a) The ionization energy of potassium (K) is 4.34 eV and the electron affinity of chlorine (Cl) is -3.61 eV. The Madelung constant for the KCl structure is 1.748 and the distance between ions of opposite sign is 0.314 nm. On the basis of these data only, compute the cohesive energy of KCl per ion pair. (b) The observed cohesive energy of KCl is 6.42 eV per ion pair. On theassumption that the difference between this figure and that obtained in (a) is due to the exclusion principle repulsion, find the exponent n in the formula Br^-n for the potential energy arising from this source.(b) What is the standard enthalpy of formation of carbon dioxide?