Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780134605197
Author: Dee Unglaub Silverthorn
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 10, Problem 27RQ
Summary Introduction
To compare: The current models of signal transduction in taste buds for salty/sour ligands and sweet/bitter/umami ligands.
Introduction: The neural pathways are the pathways that carry information from the sensory cells to a particular region of the brain that processes information and provides a response. The efferent neurons are also part of the neural pathway and carry information from the brain to the muscle cells for reflex action.
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Which of the following taste recognition is mediated by GPCRs?
Bitter
Umami
Sweet
Sour
Salty
Describe how does a taste bud cell detect the presence of Salty and sour? Describe the steps leading up to the generator potential?
Compare the mechanisms of the receptor molecules for salty and sour taste; the taste-receptor molecules for sweetness, bitterness, and umami; and odor-receptor molecules (Indicate if a given sense uses a GPCR, an ion channel etc and how the downstream signal might be different). Drawing is good for this type of question.
Chapter 10 Solutions
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
Ch. 10.1 - What advantage do myelinated axons provide?Ch. 10.1 - What accessory role does the outer ear (the pinna)...Ch. 10.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 10.1 - In Figure 10.5, what kind(s) of ion channel might...Ch. 10.1 - How do sensory receptors communicate the intensity...Ch. 10.1 - Prob. 6CCCh. 10.2 - Prob. 7CCCh. 10.2 - Prob. 8CCCh. 10.2 - Your sense of smell uses phasic receptors. What...Ch. 10.3 - Create a map or diagram of the olfactory pathway...
Ch. 10.3 - Create a map or diagram that starts with a...Ch. 10.3 - Prob. 12CCCh. 10.3 - Are olfactory neurons pseudounipolar, bipolar, or...Ch. 10.3 - Prob. 14CCCh. 10.3 - Prob. 15CCCh. 10.4 - Prob. 16CCCh. 10.4 - Prob. 17CCCh. 10.5 - Prob. 18CCCh. 10.5 - Would a cochlear implant help a person who suffers...Ch. 10.5 - Prob. 20CCCh. 10.5 - Prob. 21CCCh. 10.5 - Prob. 22CCCh. 10.5 - Prob. 23CCCh. 10.6 - What functions do the aqueous humor serve?Ch. 10.6 - Prob. 25CCCh. 10.6 - Prob. 26CCCh. 10.6 - Prob. 27CCCh. 10.6 - Prob. 28CCCh. 10.6 - Prob. 29CCCh. 10.6 - Some vertebrate animals that see well in very low...Ch. 10.6 - Prob. 31CCCh. 10.6 - Macular degeneration is the leading cause of...Ch. 10.6 - Prob. 33CCCh. 10.6 - Draw a map or diagram to explain...Ch. 10 - What is the role of the afferent division of the...Ch. 10 - Prob. 2RQCh. 10 - Prob. 3RQCh. 10 - Prob. 4RQCh. 10 - Prob. 5RQCh. 10 - Prob. 6RQCh. 10 - Prob. 7RQCh. 10 - When a sensory receptor membrane depolarizes (or...Ch. 10 - Prob. 9RQCh. 10 - The organization of sensory regions in the _____...Ch. 10 - Prob. 11RQCh. 10 - Prob. 12RQCh. 10 - Prob. 13RQCh. 10 - Prob. 14RQCh. 10 - Prob. 15RQCh. 10 - Which structure of the inner ear codes sound for...Ch. 10 - Prob. 17RQCh. 10 - Prob. 18RQCh. 10 - Prob. 19RQCh. 10 - Prob. 20RQCh. 10 - Prob. 21RQCh. 10 - Prob. 22RQCh. 10 - Prob. 23RQCh. 10 - Prob. 24RQCh. 10 - Prob. 25RQCh. 10 - Trace the neural pathways involved in olfaction....Ch. 10 - Prob. 27RQCh. 10 - Prob. 28RQCh. 10 - Prob. 29RQCh. 10 - Map the following terms related to vision. Add...Ch. 10 - Prob. 31RQCh. 10 - Prob. 32RQCh. 10 - Prob. 33RQCh. 10 - Prob. 34RQCh. 10 - Prob. 35RQCh. 10 - Consuming alcohol depresses the nervous system and...Ch. 10 - Prob. 37RQCh. 10 - A clinician shines a light into a patients left...Ch. 10 - An optometrist wishes to examine a patients...Ch. 10 - The iris of the eye has two sets of antagonistic...Ch. 10 - As people age, their ability to see at night...Ch. 10 - The relationship between focal length (F) of a...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Compare the structures and functions of the receptor molecules for salty and sour taste; the taste-receptor molecules for sweetness, bitterness, and umami; and odor-receptor molecules.arrow_forwardThere are five basic tastes—sour, salty, sweet, bitter, and“umami.” Salt is detected when the concentration of salt outside of a taste bud cell is higher than that inside of it, and ionchannels allow the passive leakage of Na+into the cell. Theresulting change in membrane potential (see Concept 7.4)sends the “salty” signal to the brain. Umami is a savory tastegenerated by glutamate (glutamic acid, found in monosodiumglutamate, or MSG), which is used as a flavor enhancer in foodssuch as taco-flavored tortilla chips. The glutamate receptor is aGPCR, which, when bound, initiates a signaling pathway thatends with a cellular response, perceived by you as “taste.” If youeat a regular potato chip and then rinse your mouth, you willno longer taste salt. But if you eat a flavored tortilla chip andthen rinse, the taste persists. (Try it!) Propose a possible explanation for this difference.arrow_forwardExplain briefly the signal transduction for the following senses: i. Hearing. ii. Vision.arrow_forward
- Select all of the statements that are true about gustation: The papillae on the tongue are the receptor cells for taste molecule stimuli. Salt and sour taste stimuli sense Na+ ions and H+ ions respectively. In order for sweet tastes to be sensed, the taste molecule must first bind to a protein receptor in a taste bud. The gustatory pathway for the processing of taste stimuli are relayed to the thalamus, and then to the gustatory cortex for processing by the brain.arrow_forwardMany odorant molecules are highly hydrophobic and concentrate within the olfactory epithelium. They would give a persistent signal independent of their concentration in the environment if they were not rapidly modified. Propose a mechanism for converting hydrophobic odorants into watersoluble derivatives that can be rapidly eliminated.arrow_forwardTaste cells form chemical synapses with afferent neurites that make up the gustatory cranial nerve. For signals to pass onto the afferents, what critical step must take place? Opening of Ca++ channels Opening of K+ channels Opening of Na+ channels Generation of an action potentialarrow_forward
- Given that receptive fields for touch do not exhibit uniform sensitivity across their whole extent, describe the two patterns of response sensitivity. And do these two types convey essentially the same or different information to the brain?arrow_forwardab ock fn Identify the similarity between sweet receptors and bitter receptors. Choose the correct option. O a. Both are G-protein-coupled receptors O b. Both are expressed in the same taste cell O c. Both stimulate the same gustatory axon O d. Both use T1R2 and T1R3 receptor proteins + QUESTION 19 esc 14 →→ QUESTION 20 Identify which of the following best describes the central taste pathways. Choose the correct option. O a. Axons of all 12 cranial nerves terminate in the gustatory nucleus of the brain stem, which projects to the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus, which in turn sends axons to the primary gustatory cortex and the insula O b. Axons of three cranial nerves terminate in the gustatory nucleus of the brain stem, which projects to the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus, which in turn sends axons to the primary gustatory cortex and the insula O c. Axons of all 12 cranial nerves terminate in the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus,…arrow_forwardWhich of the following is an example of the process of transduction? Taste acceptance and rejection are processed in the hindbrain, while emotional reactions to taste are processed in forebrain. Different qualities of taste (sweet, salt, sour, bitter) activate different receptor cells in the taste buds. O A photon of light strikes a photopigment in a rod cell, changing the photopigment, which causes the close of ion channels, which reduces the rod's output of neurotransmitter. Molecules of alcohol evaporate from the surface of a liquid and get into your nasal passages.arrow_forward
- Explain why some taste receptor cells and all olfactoryreceptor cells use G protein-coupled receptors, yet onlyolfactory receptor cells produce action potentials.arrow_forwardOutline the neurochemical transmission and inhibition of pain. Then using the gate-control theory, devise a plan to minimize pain during your next visit to the dentist.arrow_forwarda) Based upon how the neural membrane functions, briefly explain how electrical stimulation can cause a neuron to generate an action potential. Describe in one sentence a type of action potential that can be generated by electrical stimulation, but that cannot be generated by synaptic inputs. b) The central part of the retina consists largely of cones, which are responsible for colour vision in normal sight. However, presently available retinal prostheses are not able to reliably provide a perception of colour for people implanted with these devices. Explain why people with a retinal prosthesis are currently unable to reliably perceive colour.arrow_forward
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