Anatomy & Physiology: An Integrative Approach
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780078024283
Author: Michael McKinley Dr., Valerie O'Loughlin, Theresa Bidle
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 10.10, Problem 34WDYL
Summary Introduction
To explain:
The specific role of the following structure within smooth muscle cells: calmodulin, myosin light-chain kinase, and myosin light-chain phosphatase.
Concept introduction:
The thin filaments of smooth muscles are composed of tropomyosin and actin but do not contain troponin molecules as present in the skeletal muscle fibers. Instead, smooth muscles contain other proteins for the initiation of contraction.
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What is the function of myosin light-chain kinase in smooth muscle?
Skeletal muscle cells undergo contractions based on a molecular mechanism involving:
1)the sliding of actin and myosin filaments past each other without any change in filament length
2) the shortening of actin filaments following direct interaction with myosin
3) dynamic instability of microtubules
4)none
As mentioned in class, one additional major use of ATP in skeletal muscle (besides
powering the myosin heads) is the recycling of calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic
reticulum after depolarization. The resting concentration of Ca++ in the muscle cell
cytoplasm is about 50-100 nM, and the spike concentration after depolarization is about
10-20 μΜ.
a) Consider a single sarcomere. What is the number of free calcium ions within the
sarcomere at rest? What is the number of free calcium ions after depolarization?
b) The major ion pump responsible for calcium ion recycling is SERCA (sarco/endoplasmic
reticulum calcium ATPase). SERCA uses one molecule of ATP to pump two calcium ions,
and the resting level can be restored in about 10-20 ms. How many molecules of ATP are
used in a single sarcomere for pumping calcium in a single "twitch"?
c) Assume that a single "twitch" is sufficient to drive one sarcomere from its fully extended
length (about 2.5 µm) to its fully contracted length (about 1…
Chapter 10 Solutions
Anatomy & Physiology: An Integrative Approach
Ch. 10.1 - What are the five major functions of skeletal...Ch. 10.1 - Explain the skeletal muscle characteristics of...Ch. 10.2 - Identify the location and function of these...Ch. 10.2 - Draw and label a diagram of a sarcomere.Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 5WDYLCh. 10.2 - Prob. 6WDYLCh. 10.2 - Diagram and label the anatomic structures of a...Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 8WDYLCh. 10.3 - What triggers the binding of synaptic vesicles to...Ch. 10.3 - What two events are linked in the physiologic...
Ch. 10.3 - Prob. 11WDYLCh. 10.3 - Prob. 12WDYLCh. 10.3 - Describe the four processes that repeat in...Ch. 10.3 - What causes the release of the myosin head from...Ch. 10.3 - How do acetylcholinesterase and Ca2+ pumps...Ch. 10.4 - Prob. 16WDYLCh. 10.4 - What are the various means for making ATP...Ch. 10.4 - Prob. 18WDYLCh. 10.5 - Prob. 19WDYLCh. 10.5 - Prob. 20WDYLCh. 10.5 - Prob. 21WDYLCh. 10.6 - What events are occurring in a muscle that produce...Ch. 10.6 - What is recruitment? Explain its importance in the...Ch. 10.6 - Prob. 24WDYLCh. 10.7 - What is the function of skeletal muscle tone?Ch. 10.7 - When you flex your biceps brachii while doing...Ch. 10.7 - Prob. 27WDYLCh. 10.7 - How can muscle fatigue result from changes in each...Ch. 10.8 - Prob. 29WDYLCh. 10.8 - Prob. 30WDYLCh. 10.9 - What are three anatomic or physiologic differences...Ch. 10.10 - Prob. 32WDYLCh. 10.10 - Prob. 33WDYLCh. 10.10 - Prob. 34WDYLCh. 10.10 - What are the steps of smooth muscle contraction?Ch. 10.10 - What unique characteristics of smooth muscle allow...Ch. 10.10 - Prob. 37WDYLCh. 10.10 - Prob. 38WDYLCh. 10.10 - Prob. 39WDYLCh. 10 - The physiologic event that takes place at the...Ch. 10 - In a skeletal muscle fiber, Ca2+ is released from...Ch. 10 - The bundle of dense regular connective tissue that...Ch. 10 - In excitation-contraction coupling, the transverse...Ch. 10 - During muscle contraction, the I band a. hides the...Ch. 10 - During a concentric contraction of a muscle fiber,...Ch. 10 - What event causes a troponin-tropomyosin complex...Ch. 10 - In sustained, moderate exercise, skeletal muscle...Ch. 10 - Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in...Ch. 10 - Explain the structural relationship between a...Ch. 10 - Prob. 12DYKBCh. 10 - Prob. 13DYKBCh. 10 - Put the following skeletal muscle contraction...Ch. 10 - Explain the various means of providing ATP for...Ch. 10 - Explain why athletes who excel at short sprints...Ch. 10 - Explain why skeletal muscle generates the most...Ch. 10 - Prob. 18DYKBCh. 10 - Describe the response of smooth muscle to...Ch. 10 - Prob. 20DYKBCh. 10 - Prob. 1CALCh. 10 - One of the primary reasons that one individual is...Ch. 10 - Prob. 3CALCh. 10 - Rigor mortis occurs following death because a....Ch. 10 - Prob. 5CALCh. 10 - Prob. 1CSLCh. 10 - Describe the effect of the botulinum toxin, which...Ch. 10 - Smooth muscle is within the urinary bladder wall....
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Put these events that occur in skeletal muscle in the correct chronological sequence: 1. Activation of voltage-gated dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor in the T-tubule 2. Opening of mechanically-gated ryanodine receptors (RyR) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum 3. Na+ influx through ligand-gated ion channels on the motor end plate 4. Ca2+ binding to troponin 2, 1, 4, 3 4, 3, 2, 1 4, 3, 1, 2 3, 1, 4, 2 3, 1, 2, 4arrow_forwardHow does the latchbridge mechanism within smooth muscle cells influence (a) the amount of ATP required for muscle contraction and (b) whether or not smooth muscle is fatigue-resistant?arrow_forwardPut these events that occur in skeletal muscle in the correct chronological sequence: 1. Opening of mechanically-gated ryanodine receptors (RyR) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum 2. Ca²+ binding to troponin to initiate contraction 3. Activation of voltage-gated dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor in the T-tubule 4. Na+ influx through ligand-gated ion channels on the motor end plate 4, 3, 2, 1 2, 1, 4, 3 3, 1, 2, 4 4, 3, 1, 2 3, 1, 4, 2arrow_forward
- Skeletal muscle is described as striated. What are the lighter, thinner stripes noted under the microscope? Group of answer choices troponin actin myosin dystrophin Rather than innervating individual muscle fibers, motor neurons often innervate two or more muscle fibers. The motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates are together called a: Group of answer choices motor unit myofibril muscle fascicle motor fascia Fast glycolytic muscle fibers allow for relatively quick ATP energy production by splitting glucose (but eventually leads to fatigue), a process described as: Group of answer choices fermentation aerobic pathway anaerobic pathway ATP reserve usearrow_forwardWhat are the mechanisms for muscle contraction vs. relaxation in regards to myosin/thick filaments/thin filament movement? Is it true that if tropomysin blocks myosin sites, contraction ends and muscle relaxes?arrow_forwardOne of the primary characteristics of all muscle tissue is contractility, the ability to shorten (contract) and lengthen (relax). You've identified the various components of a myofibril above. Now, use the table below to indicate what occurs to each band, line, or zone when the muscle contracts vs. relaxes. What occurs to this region / structure during contraction/relaxation? Region / Structure A-Band H-Band I-Band M-Line Z-Line Zone of Overlap Sarcomere No change Shortens Lengthens Muscle Contraction Muscle Relaxationarrow_forward
- What happens to contraction of a muscle cell if some of the Ca2+ that was released during a contraction is still in the cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) when the next stimulus arrives? - The muscle contracts with the same tension generated as during the first contraction, because the number of cross-bridges formed is always the same during a contraction. - The muscle contracts with greater tension generated because more troponin molecules bound means greater myosin-binding sites (active sites) are revealed on the actin, leading to a larger number of cross-bridges formed. - The muscle contracts with greater tension generated because there will be more Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm after the second stimulation, which will bind to more troponin molecules. - The muscle contracts with the same tension generated as during the first contraction, because muscles contract in an all-or-none fashion.arrow_forwardSkeletal muscle fibres are very metabolically active and are adapted to create a lot of ATP from aerobic cellular respiration. Additionally, cells require other things to stay alive. Explain how the following three organ systems contribute to allowing a muscle cell to carry out its roles: a) Respiratory system b) Cardiovascular system c) Gastrointestinal system asap please.arrow_forwardWhich of the following step(s) about the excitation of skeletal muscle is/are incorrect? 1. Acetylcholine is released and binds to motor end plate receptors 2. An action potential is created and moves down T-tubules 3. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum 4. Calcium ions bind to tropomyosin to shift troponin off the binding sites for cross-bridging 5. Myosin forms cross-bridges and binds with actin to pull it towards middle of sarcomerearrow_forward
- What evidence supports a sliding filament-crossbridge mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle?arrow_forwardWhat evidence supports a sliding filament-cross-bridge mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle?, what factors determine relaxation in smooth muscle? and what determines the rate of contraction in smooth muscles?arrow_forwardIn skeletal muscle contraction, calcium ions apparently act to: Question 8 options: a) block the channels of the voltage gated sodium channels b) move the tropomyosin so it’s no longer blocking the active sites of the actin c) release the inhibition on Z discs d) cause ATP binding to actinarrow_forward
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