Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 24, Problem 11TYK
Summary Introduction
To review:
The reason behind the fact that the phylogenetic hypotheses based on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) will be more precise/accurate than those based on amino acid sequences.
Introduction:
The phylogenetic trees are constructed to depict the inter-evolutionary relationships among different species. They are formal hypothesis used to describe the relationship between species, organisms, and their taxonomic groups.
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The genome relatedness of different organisms can be shown with a phylogenetic tree constructed based on DNA sequence.
(1) Why DNA sequences could be used to deduce genome relationship?
(2) What else may be used to suggest the relatedness of different genomes?
With two specific examples, explain why phylogenetics is a useful scientific tool for studying Organismal biology?
The universal phylogenetic tree of life shows the divergence of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Studies of Lokiarchaeota help
to elucidate these relationships, but the first universal tree of life was constructed by Carl Woese using ribosomal RNA
sequences. There are advantages to using different types of nucleic acid for different types of analyses.
What is a specific advantage of using small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences for phylogenetic
analysis compared with DNA sequences?
▸ View Available Hint(s)
SSU rRNA sequences accumulate mutations more rapidly than protein-encoding DNA.
SSU rRNA is frequently transferred through horizontal gene transfer, whereas DNA sequences are not.
Primers are required in DNA sequence analysis, but not for SSU rRNA sequence analysis.
Although PCR products can be visualized with SSU rRNA, this is not the case with other forms of nucleic acids.
DNA sequences are too highly conserved to work well for sequence analysis; individual species are…
Chapter 24 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 24.1 - How does the system of binomial nomenclature...Ch. 24.1 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24.2 - What is the difference between a phylogenetic tree...Ch. 24.2 - What are the differences between a monophyletic...Ch. 24.3 - Prob. 1SBCh. 24.3 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24.3 - Prob. 3SBCh. 24.4 - Prob. 1SBCh. 24.5 - How does outgroup comparison facilitate the...Ch. 24.5 - Prob. 2SB
Ch. 24.5 - Prob. 3SBCh. 24.6 - What assumption underlies the use of genetic...Ch. 24.6 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24.7 - Prob. 1SBCh. 24.7 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24 - The evolutionary history of a group of organisms...Ch. 24 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 24 - Which of the following does not help systematists...Ch. 24 - In a cladistic analysis, a systematist groups...Ch. 24 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 7TYKCh. 24 - When systematists study morphological or...Ch. 24 - Which of the following pairs of structures are...Ch. 24 - To construct a phylogenetic tree by applying the...Ch. 24 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 24 - Imagine that you are a systematist studying a...Ch. 24 - Design an Experiment Imagine that you are trying...Ch. 24 - Prob. 17TYKCh. 24 - The phylogenetic tree for 12 cat species (Felidae)...
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- Discuss how the principle of parsimony can be used in a cladistics approach to constructing a phylogenetic tree.arrow_forwardWithin the field of phylogenetics, what does a “bootstrap value” represent? (write/make 3 points for this question)arrow_forwardThe table below shows short DNA sequences from a gene in a closely related group of dragons, as well as their close relative, the Winged Ground Lizard. Assume each change in the DNA sequence evolved only once. Draw a phylogenetic tree that represents the relationship among the dragon species, as well as the Winged Ground Lizard. Indicate the locations on the tree where there is a change in the DNA sequence and indicate the site position and what the change isarrow_forward
- A sample of bacteria is collected from soil in a field that was recently treated with pesticides. The bacteria are classified and a phylogenetic is built to illustrate the soil bacteria diversity. What kinds of characteristics would be best for creating this phylogenetic? a. rRNA gene sequence and amino acid sequence of lipase b. Cell wall structure and physical appearance c. Reproductive rate and susceptibility to pesticides d. Entire genome sequence and protein expression dataarrow_forwardGenerate a present (1) or absent (0) code of each character. Afterward, draw the overall phylogenetic tree with the corresponding characters splitting the tree.arrow_forwardBased on their anatomical and behavioral differences, biologists previously placed humans and chimpanzees in different families, but now DNA sequence data suggest that they are closely related and should be placed in the same family. What are some advantages of using DNA sequences to decide how to classify organisms? What might be some disadvantages?arrow_forward
- Discuss the problems in developing an accurate phylogenetic tree. Do you think it is possible to create a completely accurate universal phylogenetic tree? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardStudy the sequences below. Construct a molecular cladogram from the different amino acid sequences given. Assume that the sequences are already compared between species and have been aligned as shown. Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ACT G G C G AT C G 1 2 3 4 5 A C A G ACT G C G C G C T T C G T T C G T C G C A T C G T A C G A C G A C T G C C G T T C G C A T C G T A C G A C T G GAA C G GATC GA C G A T C G C A T C G т A C Garrow_forwardExplain how the number of amino acid differences between homologous proteins can be used to construct a phylogenetic tree.arrow_forward
- Geneticists have determined the amount of DNA, the number of different genes, and the size of the cell/nucleus in a wide variety of model organisms. as we move up the phylogenetic scale, the amount of DNA/cell increases much more rapidly than does the volume in which that DNA must be packaged. How do higher organisms package their DNA in the interphase cell?arrow_forwardFor the E.coli. bacteria (prokaryotic species) and humans (eukaryotic species), show photos of their location in the phylogenetic tree, and their clade.arrow_forwardIf you are to compare the genetic sequences between monkeys and fungi, what molecular sequence are you going to use? Why? How about comparing genetic sequences of monkeys to humans, what genetic sequence will you use? Provide an explanation.arrow_forward
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