Physics Laboratory Manual
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781133950639
Author: David Loyd
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 25, Problem 3PLA
To determine
The SI units for pressure and volume. And the value of Boltzmann’s constant.
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In the deep space between galaxies, the number density of atoms is as low as 106 atoms/m3, and the temperature is a frigid 2.7 K.
a. What is the pressure, in pascals, in the region between galaxies?
b. What volume, in cubic meters, is occupied by 4.5 mol of gas?
c. If this volume is a cube, what is the length of one of its edges, in kilometers?
Describe the Boltzmann's Law. Provide an example.
The radio galaxy Cygnus A possesses a lobe of plasma that is detected by both radio
and X-ray observatories. The temperature of the X-ray-emitting plasma is 4 keV and the
number density of the particles in the plasma is 4x103 m-3. Assume that the plasma is
composed solely of completely ionized hydrogen, so the number densities of protons and
electrons per cubic meter are identical.
* the given number density of particles corresponds to the number density of hydrogen nuclei, so you
can safely assume that the number density of electrons is equivalent to this number density
a) Compute the temperature of the plasma in Kelvin.
b) Using the calculated temperature for the plasma, compute the mean velocity in meters per
second of an electron within the plasma.
c) Compute the Coulomb cross section in square meters for a collision between an electron
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Chapter 25 Solutions
Physics Laboratory Manual
Ch. 25 - Prob. 1PLACh. 25 - What are the conditions under which a real gas...Ch. 25 - Prob. 3PLACh. 25 - Which temperature scale must always be used in the...Ch. 25 - The temperature in a room is measured to be Tc =...Ch. 25 - If the volume of the room in Question 5 is 50.0 m3...Ch. 25 - A gas at constant temperature has a volume of 25.0...Ch. 25 - A gas at constant pressure has a volume of 35.0 m3...
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- The radio galaxy Cygnus A possesses a lobe of plasma that is detected by both radio and X-ray observatories. The temperature of the X-ray-emitting plasma is 4 keV and the number density of the particles in the plasma is 4x103 m-3. Assume that the plasma is composed solely of completely ionized hydrogen, so the number densities of protons and electrons per cubic meter are identical. * the given number density of particles corresponds to the number density of hydrogen nuclei, so you can safely assume that the number density of electrons is equivalent to this number density a) Compute the collision frequency in Hertz between electrons and ions in the plasma. b) Compute the Debye wavelength in meters of the plasma. c) Compute the plasma parameter of the plasma.arrow_forwardTemperatures from part C are: Sun: 5796 K Light bulb: 3000 K Earth: 300 K Can you please implement these temperatures into the Stefan-Boltzmann formula? I need to measure the intensity of radiation from each source (sun, light bulb, and Earth).arrow_forwardThe radio galaxy Cygnus A possesses a lobe of plasma that is detected by both radio and X-ray observatories. The temperature of the X-ray-emitting plasma is 4 keV and the number density of the particles in the plasma is 4x10 m-3. Assume that the plasma is composed solely of completely ionized hydrogen, so the number densities of protons and electrons per cubic meter are identical. * the given number density of particles corresponds to the number density of hydrogen nuclei, so you can safely assume that the number density of electrons is equivalent to this number density a) Compute the time in seconds between collisions between electrons and ions in the plasma. b) Compute the ratio of the time in seconds between collisions to the age of the Universe (13.7 billion years, where 1 year = 3.15x107 s). Therefore, how many collisions has a typical elec- tron experienced with a proton in this plasma during the lifetime of the Universe? c) Compute the mean free path in meters traveled by the…arrow_forward
- (P.Ç.1.3) The figure below shows three different Maxwell Boltzmann distribution curves. Which of the following statements can be said according to these curves? speed v I. For the same gas at three different temperatures, T3 >T2> T1 II. For three different gases at same temperature, the relationship between the molecular masses of these gases is as M3 >M2 > M,1 III. For three different gases at same temperature, the relationship between the molecular masses of these gases is as M, >M2 > M3 IV. For the same gas at three different temperatures, T1 >T2> T3 V. For three different gases at same temperature, the relationship between the average kinetic energies of molecules of these gasses is E3 >E2 > E, # of moleculesarrow_forwardThese two questions relate to the Boltzmann Equation. A gas of neutral hydrogen atoms in local thermodynamical equilibrium has 1/3 more atoms in the energy level n = 1 than in the n = 2 state. Calculate the temperature of that gas. For a gas of neutral hydrogen atoms make a graph that shows the ratios N2/N1, N3/N1, N4/N1 as a function of T.arrow_forwardWhat is the physical significance of the universal gas constant R?arrow_forward
- The Inverse-Square and Stefan-Boltzmann's Laws Recall that the Stefan-Boltzmann law estimates the total amount of emission, per unit area, that is leaving the surface of a blackbody. This is termed the total emittance. The Stefan-Boltzman law is described by the formula Eq (1): E* = σSB • T 4 Eq (1) Where E* is the total emittance in W/m2, σSB is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant with a value of 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2•K4 and T is the blackbody temperature in K. The equation for the inverse-square law is shown below Eq (2). E*2 = E*1 • (R1 / R2)2 Eq (2) Where E*2 is the irradiance at the distance of interest, E*1 is the emission from an emitter (for example, the Sun) or at a reference location (for example, at the orbital distance of a planet) and is equivalent to E* from Eq (1), R1 is the radius of the emitter, and R2 is the distance to the…arrow_forward⦁ In a standard gas grill propane tank, there is approximately 4,579 mL of propane (C3H8). At a temperature of 55˚C, the tank has a pressure of 1,798 kPa. The tank is cooled to 25˚C and the pressure reduced to 1,025 kPa. What will the new volume be? Remember to pay close attention to the units of temperature before beginning your calculations.arrow_forwardAn expensive vacuum system can achieve a pressure as low as 1.00 x 10-7 N/m² at 25.5 °C. How many atoms N are there in a cubic centimeter at this pressure and temperature? The Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K. N = atomsarrow_forward
- Use the Stefan - Boltzman law to calculate the total radiant energy emitted by a blackbody with temperature 317 K. Round your answer to the nearest whole number. Do not write your answer using scientific notation.arrow_forwardStefan-Boltzmann Law The Stefan-Boltzmann law estimates the total amount of emission, per unit area, leaving the surface of a blackbody. This is termed the total emittance. The Stefan-Boltzman law is described by the formula Eq (1): E* = σSB • T 4 Eq (1) Where E* is the total emittance in W/m2, σSB is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant with a value of 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2•K4 and T is the blackbody temperature in K. The nearby sunlike star Tau Ceti has a surface temperature of approximately 5344 K. What is the total emittance from Tau Ceti?arrow_forwardThe root-mean-square speed (thermal speed) of the molecules of a gas is 200 m/s at a temperature 23.0°C. What is the mass of the individual molecules? The Boltzmann constant is 1.38 x 10-23 J/K.arrow_forward
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