Campbell Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780135188743
Author: Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 27.4, Problem 2CC
Summary Introduction
To redraw: The given figure in the textbook assuming that eukaryotes are more related to TACK archaea than to Euryarchaeotes.
Introduction:
Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelle. The organisms involved in the eukaryotic group are plants, animals, fungi, and algae. Eukaryotic cells are multicellular or single-cellular.
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All of the following statements are true about the3-domain classification system EXCEPT:(a) The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.(b) Lateral gene transfer has forced us to rethink our do-main model from a “tree of life” to a “shrub of life.”(c) Domains are higher than the category of kingdoms.(d) Compared to Bacteria, Archaea inhabit the same en-virons and have the same amount of peptidoglycan intheir cell walls.(e) All of the above are true.
The TATA-binding protein (TBP) is thought to be necessary for transcription in all eukaryotic cell nuclei. Studies show that archaea, but not bacteria,have a protein structurally and functionally similar to TBP. What does this similarity suggest regarding the evolution of archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes? How might knowledge of this similarity affect how systematists classify these organisms?
Why did Carl Woese propose the domain Archaea?
The domain Bacteria already had too many organisms in its classification.
The methanogens were discovered to be a complex organism, between prokaryotic bacteria and eukaryotes, thus it needed its own domain.
He discovered that methanogens were too large to be classified as bacteria, but too small to be classified as Eukarya.
In analyzing the rRNA of methanogens, he discovered that it was completely distinct from any other bacterial RRNA that had been studied.
The DNA of methanogens was discovered to use different nucleotides than those of organisms in Eukarya or Bacteria.
Chapter 27 Solutions
Campbell Biology
Ch. 27.1 - Describe two adaptations that enable prokaryotes...Ch. 27.1 - Contrast the cellular and DNA structures of...Ch. 27.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 27.2 - Although rare on a per gene basis, new mutations...Ch. 27.2 - Distinguish between the three mechanisms by which...Ch. 27.2 - In a rapidly changing environment, which bacterial...Ch. 27.3 - Distinguish between the four major modes of...Ch. 27.3 - A bacterium requires only the amino acid...Ch. 27.3 - WHAT IF? Describe what you might eat for a...Ch. 27.4 - Explain how molecular systematics and metagenomics...
Ch. 27.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 27.5 - Explain how prokaryotes, though small, can be...Ch. 27.5 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Review Figure 10.6. Then...Ch. 27.6 - Identify at least two ways that prokaryotes have...Ch. 27.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 27.6 - Prob. 3CCCh. 27 - Describe features of prokaryotes that enable them...Ch. 27 - Mutations are rare and prokaryotes reproduce...Ch. 27 - Describe the range of prokaryotic metabolic...Ch. 27 - How have molecular data informed prokaryotic...Ch. 27 - In what ways are prokaryotes key to the survivaI...Ch. 27 - Prob. 27.6CRCh. 27 - Genetic variation in bacterial populations cannot...Ch. 27 - Photoautotrophs use (A) light as an energy source...Ch. 27 - Which of the following statements is not true? (A)...Ch. 27 - Prob. 4TYUCh. 27 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 27 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 27 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 27 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY INTERPRET THE DATA The...Ch. 27 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ENERGY In a short essay...Ch. 27 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE Explain how the small...
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- make a drawing of a phylogenetic tree that contains all 3 domains of life. The tree should include at least three different animals, two plants, chemoheterotrophic bacteria, photoautotrophic bacteria, chemoheterotrophic archaea, thermophilic archaea and fungi. Identify both primary endosymbiosis events on the tree and draw a line to connect it to the organism that would become the future organelle.arrow_forwardDNA sequence data for a diplomonad, a euglenid, a plant, and an unidentified protist suggest that the unidentified species is most closely related to the diplomonad. Further studies reveal that the unknown species has fully functional mitochondria. Based on these data, at what point on the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1 did the mystery protist’s lineage probably diverge from other eukaryote lineages? Explain.arrow_forwardMulticellular organisms with a true nucleus, histone proteins, ester-linked fatty acids in their cellmembranes, opisthokont ancestry, and chitin cell walls, are most likely to be:A. members of kingdom ArchaeobacteriaB. members of kingdom EubacteriaC. members of kingdom AnimaliaD. members of kingdom PlantaeE. members of kingdom Fungarrow_forward
- Give explanation Which of the following statements is TRUE based on the phylogenetic tree shown? a) Bacteria and archaea are equally related to to eukarya b) Plants and ciliates are more closely related than plants and animals c) Green sulfur bacterial are more closely related to archaea than the Thermotogales d) Methanosarcina and Haloarchaea are equally related to Methanococcus e) Flavobacteria are the last common ancestor between bacteria and eukaryaarrow_forwardThis chapter shows a phylogenetic tree for the three domains of life, which is based on DNA sequence data for rRNA and other genes. Which of the following answers concerning the phylogenetic relationships found within this tree is incorrect? View Available Hint(s)for Part A Euryarcheotes are found in the Archaea Diatoms, Tubulinids, and Euglenozoans belong to the domain Eukarya Forams, Fungi, and Chlamydias belong to the domain Eukarya. Spirochetes belong to the domain Bacteria Ciliates, Red Algae, and Plants belong to the domain Eukarya.arrow_forwardExplain two adaptations of Archaea that have enabled them to survive very extreme environmental conditions. Describe briefly.arrow_forward
- Discuss the Endosymbiotic Theory. Do you think it is a strong explanation on how the eukaryotes emerged on Earth?arrow_forwardThe universal phylogenetic tree of life shows the divergence of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Studies of Lokiarchaeota help to elucidate these relationships, but the first universal tree of life was constructed by Carl Woese using ribosomal RNA sequences. There are advantages to using different types of nucleic acid for different types of analyses. What is a specific advantage of using small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences for phylogenetic analysis compared with DNA sequences? ▸ View Available Hint(s) SSU rRNA sequences accumulate mutations more rapidly than protein-encoding DNA. SSU rRNA is frequently transferred through horizontal gene transfer, whereas DNA sequences are not. Primers are required in DNA sequence analysis, but not for SSU rRNA sequence analysis. Although PCR products can be visualized with SSU rRNA, this is not the case with other forms of nucleic acids. DNA sequences are too highly conserved to work well for sequence analysis; individual species are…arrow_forwardDraw a simple cladogram illustrating the relationships among the following: Common ancestor of all organisms, domain Eukarya, domain Bacteria, domain Archaea. To which domain do the organisms informally known as protists belong? To which domain do you belong?arrow_forward
- The endosymbiotic hypothesis for the origin of chloroplasts from gram-negative prokaryotes is supported by all of the following lines of evidence except: the presence of enzymes for the light-dependent and the dark reactions of photosynthesis the presence of circular DNA resembling that of photosynthetic eubacteria the presence of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA similar to that of the cyanobacteria their use of mitosis rather than binary fission during cell division the presence of 70s ribosomes, consisting of 30s and 50s ribosomal subunitsarrow_forwardFor the organisms in the picture below: 1. To what kingdom do they belong? 2. Are they prokaryotic or eukaryotic?arrow_forwardDoes the following phylogenetic tree provide evidence to support or refute the endosymbiosis hypothesis? Briefly explain your choice (1-2 sentences) Bacteria a-Proteobacteria Mitochondria Archaea Eukarya Excavata Discicristata Alveolata Stramenopila Rhizaria Plantae Opisthokonta Amoebozoaarrow_forward
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