Developmental Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781605354705
Author: Scott F. Gilbert, Michael J. F. Barresi
Publisher: Sinauer Associates is an imprint of Oxford University Press
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Chapter 3, Problem 3DQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The results that can be learned by comparing the gene regulatory network (GRNs) of cells from different regions of an embryo, or at different developmental stages, or under different conditions, or even from different species.
Introduction:
A GRN refers to set of interconnections among genes specifying cell types to govern gene expression at the levels of mRNA and proteins. The primary function of GRN is in the creation of body compositions, morphogenesis, responsible for evolutionary development biology.
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Practice Question 8
- Below are two cell signalling pathways that work together to regulate cell growth, proliferation and
ultimately the size of organs in O.Extremus. In other closely related organisms, dysfunction of these
pathways has been associated with tumor growth.
mTOR pathway:
1. Growth factors bind and stimulate the receptors.
crosstalk
Hippo
Pathway
2. Receptors can activate the phosphatidylinositol
3 kinase (PI3K) β Akt signaling pathway.
MTOR
Pathway
3. The activated Akt, a serine threonine kinase,
inhibits the TSC1-TSC2 complex, allowing Rheb to
activate mTORC1.
Mst
PI3K
PTEN
Lats
AKT
4. In parallel, amino acids activate the mTORC1
pathway through a mechanism requiring the Rag-
Ragulator complex.
(miR-29
YAP
TSC2-TSC1
amino acids
Rag-Ragulator
Hippo pathway:
1. The binding of the ligand activates the receptors
which activate Mst and Lats.
Rheb
cell
division
MTORC1
organ size
2. YAP activity is modulated by phosphorylation of
Mst and Lats. YAP upregulates miR-29, which inβ¦
Practice Question 8
- Below are two cell signalling pathways that work together to regulate cell growth, proliferation and
ultimately the size of organs in O.Extremus. In other closely related organisms, dysfunction of these
pathways has been associated with tumor growth.
MTOR pathway:
1. Growth factors bind and stimulate the receptors.
crosstalk
Hippo
Pathway
2. Receptors can activate the phosphatidylinositol
3 kinase (PI3K) β Akt signaling pathway.
MTOR
Pathway
3. The activated Akt, a serine threonine kinase,
inhibits theTSC1-TSC2 complex, allowing Rheb to
activate mTORC1.
Mst
Π ΠΠΠ
PTEN
T
Lats
ΠΠΠ’
4. In parallel, amino acids activate the mTORC1
pathway through a mechanism requiring the Rag-
Ragulator complex.
(miR-29
YAP
TSC2-TSC1
amino acids
Rag-Ragulator
Hippo pathway:
1. The binding of the ligand activates the receptors
which activate Mst and Lats.
Rheb
cell
division
MTORC1
organ size
2. YAP activity is modulated by phosphorylation of
Mst and Lats. YAP upregulates miR-29, which inβ¦
Practice Question 8
- Below are two cell signalling pathways that work together to regulate cell growth, proliferation and
ultimately the size of organs in O.Extremus. In other closely related organisms, dysfunction of these
pathways has been associated with tumor growth.
MTOR pathway:
1. Growth factors bind and stimulate the receptors.
crosstalk
Hippo
Pathway
2. Receptors can activate the phosphatidylinositol
3 kinase (PI3K) β Akt signaling pathway.
MTOR
Pathway
3. The activated Akt, a serine threonine kinase,
inhibits theTSC1-TSC2 complex, allowing Rheb to
activate mTORC1.
Mst
Π ΠΠΠ
PTEN
Lats
ΠΠΠ’
4. In parallel, amino acids activate the mTORC1
pathway through a mechanism requiring the Rag-
Ragulator complex.
miR-29
YAP
TSC2-TSC1
amino acids
Hippo pathway:
1. The binding of the ligand activates the receptors
which activate Mst and Lats.
Rheb
Rag-Ragulator
cell
division
MTORC1
organ size
2. YAP activity is modulated by phosphorylation of
Mst and Lats. YAP upregulates miR-29, which inβ¦
Chapter 3 Solutions
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