Briefly describe the insect defense system against infecting RNA viruses. Why does this system not attack the RNA of normal insect cells?

Question

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 43, Problem 1IQ

Briefly describe the insect defense system against infecting RNA viruses.

Why does this system not attack the RNA of normal insect cells?

a.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

To explain: Insect defense system against infecting RNA viruses.

Introduction: The defense system in insects is innate immunity. Like humans, insect is also prone to infectious agents like bacteria, virus, parasites, and fungi on a daily basis. To protect themselves from the pathogens, the insects develop a potential immune system. The innate immune system of insects is divided into two types, namely cellular immunity and systemic immunity.

Explanation of Solution

Insects, when exposed to infectious agents, synthesize enormous amounts of antimicrobial peptides to fight with that infection. One such peptide is Dicer-2 enzyme, which recognizes the double-stranded viral RNA and cuts them into short fragments. The Argo protein complex, known to involve in gene silencing, binds with the RNA fragment, which in turn binds with the complementary viral mRNA molecule. The Argo complex prevents the translation by cleaving the viral mRNA.

b.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

To explain: Insect defense system’s inability to attack the normal insect cells.

Explanation of Solution

The RNA molecules in eukaryotic cells are generally single stranded. However, the viral RNA is double-stranded. Therefore, the Dicer enzyme cannot recognize the single-stranded host RNA. The difference in the RNA strands made the insect’s immune system to distinguish between the self and non-self cells.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Students have asked these similar questions

You work for a large biotechnology company that is studying viruses, vaccines, and small molecule inhibitors. You are asked to give an overview of cell signaling as it relates to the coronavirus and young adults. a) Describe cell signaling pathways (e.g., at least 3) that are likely manipulated during a coronavirus infection. In your description, include how the pathways are involved in antagonizing the host antiviral response.

The diagram below shows the Covid-19 virus with its spike protein. It also shows the area on the spike protein which binds to the ACE2 receptor (receptor binding domain). Corona Virus Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) Spike Protein In order to get into a cell, the Covid-19 virus needs to bind to the ACE2 receptor. Once bound it is brought into the cell. These receptors are found on cells making up various tissues (oral and nasal mucosa, nasopharynx, lung, stomach, small intestine, colon, skin, lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, spleen, liver, kidney, and brain). The symptoms for Covid-19 are linked to the tissue cells the virus infects. To the right is a diagram showing the biding of the spike protein to the ACE2 receptor. SARS-COV-2 Spike (S) Host Cell ACE2 acer

Can you compare and contrast the infection process of influenza and HIV? What are the specific molecules on the surface of each virus that directly interacts with the respective cellular receptor molecule? What is/are the specific molecules on the surface of the respective target cells that serve as the cellular receptors for these viruses respectively?

Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 43, Problem 1IQ

Briefly describe the insect defense system against infecting RNA viruses.

Why does this system not attack the RNA of normal insect cells?

a.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

To explain: Insect defense system against infecting RNA viruses.

Introduction: The defense system in insects is innate immunity. Like humans, insect is also prone to infectious agents like bacteria, virus, parasites, and fungi on a daily basis. To protect themselves from the pathogens, the insects develop a potential immune system. The innate immune system of insects is divided into two types, namely cellular immunity and systemic immunity.

Explanation of Solution

Insects, when exposed to infectious agents, synthesize enormous amounts of antimicrobial peptides to fight with that infection. One such peptide is Dicer-2 enzyme, which recognizes the double-stranded viral RNA and cuts them into short fragments. The Argo protein complex, known to involve in gene silencing, binds with the RNA fragment, which in turn binds with the complementary viral mRNA molecule. The Argo complex prevents the translation by cleaving the viral mRNA.

b.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

To explain: Insect defense system’s inability to attack the normal insect cells.

Explanation of Solution

The RNA molecules in eukaryotic cells are generally single stranded. However, the viral RNA is double-stranded. Therefore, the Dicer enzyme cannot recognize the single-stranded host RNA. The difference in the RNA strands made the insect’s immune system to distinguish between the self and non-self cells.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 43, Problem 1IQ

Briefly describe the insect defense system against infecting RNA viruses.

Why does this system not attack the RNA of normal insect cells?

a.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

To explain: Insect defense system against infecting RNA viruses.

Introduction: The defense system in insects is innate immunity. Like humans, insect is also prone to infectious agents like bacteria, virus, parasites, and fungi on a daily basis. To protect themselves from the pathogens, the insects develop a potential immune system. The innate immune system of insects is divided into two types, namely cellular immunity and systemic immunity.

Explanation of Solution

Insects, when exposed to infectious agents, synthesize enormous amounts of antimicrobial peptides to fight with that infection. One such peptide is Dicer-2 enzyme, which recognizes the double-stranded viral RNA and cuts them into short fragments. The Argo protein complex, known to involve in gene silencing, binds with the RNA fragment, which in turn binds with the complementary viral mRNA molecule. The Argo complex prevents the translation by cleaving the viral mRNA.

b.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

To explain: Insect defense system’s inability to attack the normal insect cells.

Explanation of Solution

The RNA molecules in eukaryotic cells are generally single stranded. However, the viral RNA is double-stranded. Therefore, the Dicer enzyme cannot recognize the single-stranded host RNA. The difference in the RNA strands made the insect’s immune system to distinguish between the self and non-self cells.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 43, Problem 1IQ

Briefly describe the insect defense system against infecting RNA viruses.

Why does this system not attack the RNA of normal insect cells?

a.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

To explain: Insect defense system against infecting RNA viruses.

Introduction: The defense system in insects is innate immunity. Like humans, insect is also prone to infectious agents like bacteria, virus, parasites, and fungi on a daily basis. To protect themselves from the pathogens, the insects develop a potential immune system. The innate immune system of insects is divided into two types, namely cellular immunity and systemic immunity.

Explanation of Solution

Insects, when exposed to infectious agents, synthesize enormous amounts of antimicrobial peptides to fight with that infection. One such peptide is Dicer-2 enzyme, which recognizes the double-stranded viral RNA and cuts them into short fragments. The Argo protein complex, known to involve in gene silencing, binds with the RNA fragment, which in turn binds with the complementary viral mRNA molecule. The Argo complex prevents the translation by cleaving the viral mRNA.

b.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

To explain: Insect defense system’s inability to attack the normal insect cells.

Explanation of Solution

The RNA molecules in eukaryotic cells are generally single stranded. However, the viral RNA is double-stranded. Therefore, the Dicer enzyme cannot recognize the single-stranded host RNA. The difference in the RNA strands made the insect’s immune system to distinguish between the self and non-self cells.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

a.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

To explain: Insect defense system against infecting RNA viruses.

Introduction: The defense system in insects is innate immunity. Like humans, insect is also prone to infectious agents like bacteria, virus, parasites, and fungi on a daily basis. To protect themselves from the pathogens, the insects develop a potential immune system. The innate immune system of insects is divided into two types, namely cellular immunity and systemic immunity.

Explanation of Solution

Insects, when exposed to infectious agents, synthesize enormous amounts of antimicrobial peptides to fight with that infection. One such peptide is Dicer-2 enzyme, which recognizes the double-stranded viral RNA and cuts them into short fragments. The Argo protein complex, known to involve in gene silencing, binds with the RNA fragment, which in turn binds with the complementary viral mRNA molecule. The Argo complex prevents the translation by cleaving the viral mRNA.

b.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

To explain: Insect defense system’s inability to attack the normal insect cells.

Explanation of Solution

The RNA molecules in eukaryotic cells are generally single stranded. However, the viral RNA is double-stranded. Therefore, the Dicer enzyme cannot recognize the single-stranded host RNA. The difference in the RNA strands made the insect’s immune system to distinguish between the self and non-self cells.

Answer 8

a.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

To explain: Insect defense system against infecting RNA viruses.

Introduction: The defense system in insects is innate immunity. Like humans, insect is also prone to infectious agents like bacteria, virus, parasites, and fungi on a daily basis. To protect themselves from the pathogens, the insects develop a potential immune system. The innate immune system of insects is divided into two types, namely cellular immunity and systemic immunity.

Explanation of Solution

Insects, when exposed to infectious agents, synthesize enormous amounts of antimicrobial peptides to fight with that infection. One such peptide is Dicer-2 enzyme, which recognizes the double-stranded viral RNA and cuts them into short fragments. The Argo protein complex, known to involve in gene silencing, binds with the RNA fragment, which in turn binds with the complementary viral mRNA molecule. The Argo complex prevents the translation by cleaving the viral mRNA.

Answer 9

a.

Expert Solution

Answer 10

a.

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Summary Introduction

To explain: Insect defense system against infecting RNA viruses.

Introduction: The defense system in insects is innate immunity. Like humans, insect is also prone to infectious agents like bacteria, virus, parasites, and fungi on a daily basis. To protect themselves from the pathogens, the insects develop a potential immune system. The innate immune system of insects is divided into two types, namely cellular immunity and systemic immunity.

Answer 13

Explanation of Solution

Insects, when exposed to infectious agents, synthesize enormous amounts of antimicrobial peptides to fight with that infection. One such peptide is Dicer-2 enzyme, which recognizes the double-stranded viral RNA and cuts them into short fragments. The Argo protein complex, known to involve in gene silencing, binds with the RNA fragment, which in turn binds with the complementary viral mRNA molecule. The Argo complex prevents the translation by cleaving the viral mRNA.

Answer 14

b.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

To explain: Insect defense system’s inability to attack the normal insect cells.

Explanation of Solution

The RNA molecules in eukaryotic cells are generally single stranded. However, the viral RNA is double-stranded. Therefore, the Dicer enzyme cannot recognize the single-stranded host RNA. The difference in the RNA strands made the insect’s immune system to distinguish between the self and non-self cells.

Answer 15

b.

Expert Solution

Answer 16

b.

Expert Solution

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Summary Introduction

To explain: Insect defense system’s inability to attack the normal insect cells.

Answer 19

Explanation of Solution

The RNA molecules in eukaryotic cells are generally single stranded. However, the viral RNA is double-stranded. Therefore, the Dicer enzyme cannot recognize the single-stranded host RNA. The difference in the RNA strands made the insect’s immune system to distinguish between the self and non-self cells.

Answer 20

Ch. 43 - Briefly describe the insect defense system against...Ch. 43 - Prob. 2IQ Ch. 43 - Prob. 3IQ Ch. 43 - Prob. 4IQ Ch. 43 - Prob. 5IQ Ch. 43 - Prob. 6IQ Ch. 43 - Prob. 7IQ Ch. 43 - Prob. 8IQ Ch. 43 - Prob. 9IQ Ch. 43 - Prob. 1SYK

Briefly describe the insect defense system against infecting RNA viruses. Why does this system not attack the RNA of normal insect cells?

Concept explainers

Videos

Explanation of Solution

Explanation of Solution

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Chapter 43 Solutions