Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 6, Problem 16TYK
Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The experimental design to elucidate the fact whether malonate is a competitive or noncompetitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase enzyme.

Introduction:

Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is the only inner mitochondrial membrane bound enzyme of the citric acid cycle, which play an important role in the breaking down of sugars, fatty acids and amino acids into carbon dioxide and water. This enzyme contains iron-surfur centers as electron acceptors and FAD as a prosthetic group. The enzymes can be activated or inhibited by different mechanisms. Competitive inhibitors are considered as the structural analogues of the substrates that bind to the active site in place of substrate.

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Although most enzymes are quite specific, they can catalyze side reactions with compounds that are structurally similar to their physiological substrates, but usually at much slower rates. For example, glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which normally catalyzes the oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, can slowly convert erythrose-4-phosphate, an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway, to 1,4-bisphosphoerythronate: Draw a plausible mechanism for this side reaction of GAPDH.
In the liver, fructose can be converted into glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate without passing through the phosphofructokinase-regulated reaction. Show the reactions that make this conversion possible. Why might ingesting high levels of fructose have deleterious physiological effects?
ATP is an ALLOSTERIC INHIBITOR of the phosphofructokinase enzyme, which is a key catalyst for one of the first steps of Glycolysis.  Citrate (citric acid) is a 6-carbon product of the first reaction of the Krebs Cycle (aka Citric Acid Cycle).  Interestingly, Citrate enhances the inhibitory effect of ATP on phosphofructokinase.  What is a likely explanation for the inhibitory effects of these molecules? Excess ATP and Citrate signal the cell that Glycolysis should be speeded up.  Excess ATP and Citrate signal a positive feedback loop.  Excess ATP and Citrate signal the cell that Glycolysis should be slowed.  Excess ATP and Citrate compete for the active site of phosphofructokinase.
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