Concept explainers
Douglas Davis, controller for Marston, Inc., prepared the following budget for
During 20X1, Marston worked a total of 80,000 direct labor hours, used 250,000 machine hours, made 32,000 moves, and performed 120 batch inspections. The following actual costs were incurred:
Marston applies overhead using rates based on direct labor hours, machine hours, number of moves, and number of batches. The second level of activity (the right column in the preceding table) is the practical level of activity (the available activity for resources acquired in advance of usage) and is used to compute predetermined overhead pool rates.
Required:
- 1. Prepare a performance report for Marston’s manufacturing costs in the current year.
- 2. Assume that one of the products produced by Marston is budgeted to use 10,000 direct labor hours, 15,000 machine hours, and 500 moves and will be produced in five batches. A total of 10,000 units will be produced during the year. Calculate the budgeted unit manufacturing cost.
- 3. One of Marston’s managers said the following: “Budgeting at the activity level makes a lot of sense. It really helps us manage costs better. But the previous budget really needs to provide more detailed information. For example, I know that the moving materials activity involves the use of forklifts and operators, and this information is lost when only the total cost of the activity for various levels of output is reported. We have four forklifts, each capable of providing 10,000 moves per year. We lease these forklifts for five years, at $10,000 per year. Furthermore, for our two shifts, we need up to eight operators if we run all four forklifts. Each operator is paid a salary of $30,000 per year. Also, I know that fuel costs about $0.25 per move.”
Assuming that these are the only three items, expand the detail of the flexible budget for moving materials to reveal the cost of these three resource items for 20,000 moves and 40,000 moves, respectively. Based on these comments, explain how this additional information can help Marston better manage its costs. (Especially consider how activity-based budgeting may provide useful information for non-value-added activities.)
1.
Make a performance report for incorporation M manufacturing costs for the current year.
Explanation of Solution
Prepare a performance report for incorporation M.
Incorporation M | |||
Performance Report | |||
For the year 20X1 | |||
Particulars | Actual costs | Budgeted costs | Budget variance |
Direct materials | $ 440,000 | $ 480,000(1) | $40,000 F |
Direct labour | 355,000 | 320,000(2) | 35,000 U |
Depreciation | 100,000 | 100,000 | 0 |
Maintaining equipment | 425,000 | 435,000(3) | 10,000 F |
Machining | 142,000 | 137,000(4) | 5,000 U |
Moving materials | 232,500 | 240,000(5) | 7,500 F |
Inspecting products | 160,000 | 145,000(6) | 15,000 U |
Total | $ 1,854,500 | $ 1,857,000 | $2,500 F |
Table (1)
Therefore, the budget variance of incorporation M for the year 20X1 is $2,500 favourable.
Note: Budgeted costs are determined using the appropriate cost driver for each method, under the high-low method.
Working notes:
(1)
(2)
(3)
The fixed and variable costs portions of maintaining equipment is calculated using high-low method as follows:
Therefore,
(4)
The fixed and variable costs portion of machining is calculated using high-low method as follows:
Therefore,
(5)
The fixed and variable costs portion of moving materials is calculated using high-low method as follows:
Therefore,
(6)
The fixed and variable costs portion of inspecting products is calculated using high-low method as follows:
Therefore,
2.
Determine the budgeted unit manufacturing cost for Incorporation M.
Explanation of Solution
Compute the pool rates:
Note: The pool (a) incorporates both material and labor costs. The total for each pool represents the appropriate costs related to the given driver in the flexible budget. The totals represent the second activity level of the budget.
Ascertain the unit cost:
Pool | Calculation | Amount ($) |
a | $ 110,000 | |
b | $ 33,600 | |
c | $ 3,625 | |
d | $ 5,625 | |
Total | $ 152,850 | |
Divide: Units | 10,000 units | |
Unit cost | | $ 15.29 (rounded off) |
Table (1)
Thus, the unit cost for the incorporation M is $15.29.
3.
Describe how activity-based budgeting may provide useful information for non-value-added activities.
Explanation of Solution
To provide more insight into controlling the activity and its associated cost, it is necessary to have significant knowledge about how the resource costs change with activity drivers and the consumption of resources by each activity.
Example: - The moving material is deemed to be a non-value-added activity, and efforts should be made to diminish the demands for this activity. If the number of moves can able to decrease to 20,000 from the expected 40,000, then the costs can be reduced by not only eliminating the need for the four operators, but also by decreasing the demand to lease from four to two forklifts. Whereas, while considering in the short run, if the demand for their service is reduced, then the cost of leasing forklifts may insist.
Particulars | 20,000 moves | 40,000 moves |
Materials handling: | ||
Forklifts | $ 40,000 | $ 40,000 |
Operators | $ 120,000 | $ 240,000 |
Fuel | $ 5,000 | $ 10,000 |
Total | $ 165,000 | $ 290,000 |
Table (2)
The information assumes that the forklift leases has to be continued in the short run, but the number of operators should be cut down and it is assumed that each operator can do 5,000 moves per year. An extra benefit of $20,000 can be achieved by subleasing the two forklifts. Therefore, the budget, points out that by reducing the requirement for materials handling to 20,000 moves will enable to save between $125,000 and $145,000 relative to the 40,000-move level. If the activity requirement is reduced to nil, an additional amount of up to $165,000 can able to save.
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Chapter 12 Solutions
Cornerstones of Cost Management (Cornerstones Series)
- Minor Co. has a job order cost system and applies overhead based on departmental rates. Service Department 1 has total budgeted costs of 168,000 for next year. Service Department 2 has total budgeted costs of 280,000 for next year. Minor allocates service department costs solely to the producing departments. Service Department 1 cost is allocated to producing departments on the basis of machine hours. Service Department 2 cost is allocated to producing departments on the basis of direct labor hours. Producing Department 1 has budgeted 8,000 machine hours and 12,000 direct labor hours. Producing Department 2 has budgeted 2,000 machine hours and 12,000 direct labor hours. What is the total cost allocation from the two service departments to Producing Department 1? a. 173,600 b. 140,000 c. 134,400 d. 274,400arrow_forwardBusiness Specialty, Inc., manufactures two staplers: small and regular. The standard quantities of direct labor and direct materials per unit for the year are as follows: The standard price paid per pound of direct materials is 1.60. The standard rate for labor is 8.00. Overhead is applied on the basis of direct labor hours. A plantwide rate is used. Budgeted overhead for the year is as follows: The company expects to work 12,000 direct labor hours during the year; standard overhead rates are computed using this activity level. For every small stapler produced, the company produces two regular staplers. Actual operating data for the year are as follows: a. Units produced: small staplers, 35,000; regular staplers, 70,000. b. Direct materials purchased and used: 56,000 pounds at 1.5513,000 for the small stapler and 43,000 for the regular stapler. There were no beginning or ending direct materials inventories. c. Direct labor: 14,800 hours3,600 hours for the small stapler and 11,200 hours for the regular stapler. Total cost of direct labor: 114,700. d. Variable overhead: 607,500. e. Fixed overhead: 350,000. Required: 1. Prepare a standard cost sheet showing the unit cost for each product. 2. Compute the direct materials price and usage variances for each product. Prepare journal entries to record direct materials activity. 3. Compute the direct labor rate and efficiency variances for each product. Prepare journal entries to record direct labor activity. 4. Compute the variances for fixed and variable overhead. Prepare journal entries to record overhead activity. All variances are closed to Cost of Goods Sold. 5. Assume that you know only the total direct materials used for both products and the total direct labor hours used for both products. Can you compute the total direct materials and direct labor usage variances? Explain.arrow_forwardAdam Corporation manufactures computer tables and has the following budgeted indirect manufacturing cost information for the next year: If Adam uses the step-down (sequential) method, beginning with the Maintenance Department, to allocate support department costs to production departments, the total overhead (rounded to the nearest dollar) for the Machining Department to allocate to its products would be: a. 407,500. b. 422,750. c. 442,053. d. 445,000.arrow_forward
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