Photosynthesis can be represented by
Explain how the equilibrium would be affected by the following changes: (a) partial pressure of CO2 is increased, (b) O2 is removed from the mixture, (c)C6H12O6(glucose) is removed from the mixture, (d) more water is added, (e) a catalyst is added, (f) temperature is decreased.
Interpretation:
The effect of equilibrium changes (or) directions should be identified given the enthalpy of
Concept Introduction:
Concept of equilibrium process: The any system at equilibrium subject to change in concentration, temperature, volume or pressure then the system readjusts itself to partly counteract the effect of the applied change and new equilibrium is formed. This equilibrium explain to simple way, a system equilibrium is distributed the system will adjust itself in such a way that the effect of the change will be reduced.
Photo chemical equilibrium: These processes are photostationary state of a reversible reaction is the equilibrium chemical composition under a specific kind of electromagnetic (UV) irradiation.
Thermal reactions: This is one type of chemical reactions it release energy by light or heat it is called exothermic reaction, several chemical reactions are accompanied by the absorption of heat this type of process endothermic reactions.
Forward Reaction: This type of reaction has involved irreversible, if obtained product cannot be converted back in to respective reactants under the same conditions. Backward Reaction: This type of reaction process involved a reversible, if the products can be converted into a back to reactants.
Answer to Problem 15.133QP
The factors effects of temperature, pressure and decreasing of reactant given the statement of photo chemical equilibrium (a-f) are showed below.
Explanation of Solution
To Identify: Given the photo chemical equilibrium reactions (a-c) are the directions should be identified.
Write and analyze the following equilibrium reactions.
Given the photo chemical equilibrium reactions involved some equilibrium steps (a-c) are fallows,
Pressure: Given the photo chemical reaction, if we increased the amount of pressure, the equilibrium directions migrated to left side to right side. Because product this reaction process will decrease the number of each moles of gas. The product glucose formation also increases.
Removed O2: Given the photochemical reactions are, removed from some amount of (O2) in product formation side, the total equilibrium process will be migrated to right side.
Removed glucose: If we removed from the product, given the equilibrium process it can does not affected the equilibrium process.
To Identify: Given the photo chemical equilibrium reactions (d-f) are the directions should be identified.
Write and analyze the following equilibrium reactions.
Given the photo chemical equilibrium reactions involved some equilibrium steps (d-f) are fallows.
Adding of reactant: Consider the reaction (d), if added a small amount of hemoglobin (
Role of catalyst: If added some of catalyst in this reaction, the equilibrium reactions does not affected any changes. Because this reaction undergoes for gas, liquid phase, so reaction successfully can’t proceeds in right side.
Temperature: This reaction conversion reaction is endothermic reaction (heat absorption) and it equilibrium moved into left side, when temperature decreased, so this reaction get negative
The different statements are analyzed and discussed given the photochemical equilibrium reactions and respective
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 15 Solutions
Chemistry: Atoms First
- Predict whether each of the following processes results in an increase in entropy in the system. (Define reactants and products as the system.) (a) Water vapor condenses to liquid water at 90 C and 1 atm pressure. (b) The exothermic reaction of Na(s) and Cl2(g) forms NaCl(s). (c) The endothermic reaction of H2 and I2 produces an equilibrium mixture of H2(g), I2(g), and HI(g). (d) Solid NaCl dissolves in water forming a saturated solution.arrow_forwardHydrogen gas and iodine gas react to form hydrogen iodide. If 0.500 mol H2 and 1.00 mol I2 are placed in a closed 10.0-L vessel, what is the mole fraction of HI in the mixture when equilibrium is reached at 205C? Use data from Appendix C and any reasonable approximations to obtain K.arrow_forwardUse the data in Appendix J to calculate rG andKPat 25 C for the reaction 2HBr(g)+Cl2(g)2HCl(g)+Br2() Comment on the connection between the sign of rG and the magnitude ofKP.arrow_forward
- Show that the complete chemical equation, the total ionic equation, and the net ionic equation for the reaction represented by the equation KI(aq)+I2(aq)KI3(aq) give the same expression for the reaction quotient. KI3 is composed of the ions K+ and I3-.arrow_forwardA process that is reactant-favored at equilibrium can never be spontaneous. This statement is (a) true (b) falsearrow_forward9.96 Most first aid "cold packs" are based on the endothermic dissolution of ammonium nitrate in water: NH4NO3(s)NH4+(aq)+NO3(aq) H= 25.69 kJ A particular cold pack contains 50.0 g of NH4NO3 and 125.0 g of water. When the pack is squeezed, the NH4NO3dissolves in the water. If the pack and its contents are initially at 24.0°C, what is the lowest temperature that this bag could reach? (Assume that the ammonium nitrate solution has a specific heat of 4.25J g-l K-l, and that the heat capacity of the bag itself is small enough to be neglected.)arrow_forward
- Describe a nonchemical system that is not in equilibrium, and explain why equilibrium has not been achieved.arrow_forwardExplain how the entropy of the universe increases when an aluminum metal can is made from aluminum ore. Thefirst step is to extract the ore, which is primarily a formof A12O3, from the ground. After it is purified by freeingit from oxides of silicon and iron, aluminum oxide ischanged to the metal by an input of electrical energy. 2Al2O3(s)electricalenergy4Al(s)+3O2(g)arrow_forwardWhen a mixture of hydrogen and bromine is maintained at normal atmospheric pressure and heated above 200. °C in a closed container, the hydrogen and bromine react to form hydrogen bromide and a gas-phase equilibrium is established. Write a balanced chemical equation for the equilibrium reaction. Use bond enthalpies from Table 6.2 ( Sec. 6-6b) to estimate the enthalpy change for the reaction. Based on your answers to parts (a) and (b), which is more important in determining the position of this equilibrium, the entropy effect or the energy effect? In which direction will the equilibrium shift as the temperature increases above 200. °C? Explain. Suppose that the pressure were increased to triple its initial value. In which direction would the equilibrium shift? Why is the equilibrium not established at room temperature?arrow_forward
- Hydrogenation, the addition of hydrogen to an organic compound, is an industrially important reaction. Calculate rH, rS, and rG for the hydrogenation of octene, C8H16, to give octane, C8H19 at 25 C. Is the reaction product- or reactant-favored at equilibrium? C8H16(g) + H2(g) C8H18(g) Along with data in Appendix L, the following information is needed for this calculation.arrow_forwardGiven the following data at 25C 2NO(g)N2(g)+O2(g)K=1 10 30 2NO(g)+Br2(g)2NOBr(g)K=8 101 Calculate K for the formation of one mole of NOBr from its elements in the gaseous state.arrow_forwardSilver carbonate, Ag2CO3, is a light yellow compound that decomposes when heated to give silver oxide and carbon dioxide: Ag2CO3(s)Ag2O(s)+CO2(g) A researcher measured the partial pressure of carbon dioxide over a sample of silver carbonate at 220C and found that it was 1.37 atm. Calculate the partial pressure of carbon dioxide at 25C. The standard enthalpies of formation of silver carbonate and silver oxide at 25C are 505.9 kJ/mol and 31.05 kJ/mol, respectively. Make any reasonable assumptions in your calculations. State the assumptions that you make, and note why you think they are reasonable.arrow_forward
- Principles of Modern ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305079113Author:David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. ButlerPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry by OpenStax (2015-05-04)ChemistryISBN:9781938168390Author:Klaus Theopold, Richard H Langley, Paul Flowers, William R. Robinson, Mark BlaserPublisher:OpenStaxChemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781133949640Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage Learning