Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/fightflight) to learn more about adrenaline and the fightor-flight response. When someone is said to have a rush of adrenaline, the image of bungee jumpers or skydivers usually comes to mind. But adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is an important chemical in coordinating the body’s fight-or-flight response. In this video, you look inside the physiology of the fight-or-flight response, as envisioned for a firefighter. His body’s reaction is the result of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system causing system-wide changes as it prepares for extreme responses. What two changes does adrenaline bring about to help the skeletal muscle response?
To write:
The changes that adrenaline would bring to help the skeletal muscle respond in a fight-or-flight response mediated by sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
Introduction:
Adrenaline or the epinephrine is a hormone and a neurotransmitter produced by the adrenal glands and the neurons respectively. It plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response. This is mediated by the sympathetic nervous system which stimulates the body's fight-or-flight response.
Explanation of Solution
The changes that adrenaline would bring to help the skeletal muscle response in a fight-or-flight response by the sympathetic nervous system include the increase in heart rate and breathing rate which causes more blood flow to the skeletal muscles. The liver manufactures and stores glucose and releases it upon the body's requirement. The other change is the stimulation of the liver to release more glucose for enhancing the energy levels or fuelling the muscles.
Thus, increasing blood flow and releasing glucose by the liver are the two changes brought by the sympathetic nervous system during a fight-or-flight response.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 15 Solutions
Anatomy & Physiology
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
College Physics
Biological Science (6th Edition)
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (7th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology
Microbiology: An Introduction (13th Edition)
Campbell Essential Biology (6th Edition) - standalone book
- The hormone insulin enhances the carrier-mediated transport of glucose into most of the bodys cells but not into brain cells. The uptake of glucose from the blood by neurons does not depend on insulin. Knowing the brains need for a continuous supply of blood-borne glucose, predict the effect that insulin excess would have on the brain.arrow_forwardDuring the mid-1990s, the death of 2 top basketball players was linked to the use of cocaine. Referring to homeostatic mechanisms, explain why using a stimulant before exercise is dangerous.arrow_forwardatrophine inhibits parasympathetic activity. when it's given to a patient, their heart rate will - stay the same - increase - decreasearrow_forward
- Neurons that secrete acetylcholine are described as neurons, whereas those that secrete norepinephrine are called neurons.arrow_forwardCurare blocks acetylcholine receptors at the motor end plate. What would be the effect of this drug on muscle contraction? increased stimulation of the muscle. more acetylcholinesterase production. lack of Ca2+ uptake by the muscle fiber. inability of the muscle fiber to respond to nervous stimulation. sustained contraction of the muscle.arrow_forwardDuring rhythmic, moderately intense aerobic exercise, there is a redistribution of blood flow throughout the body. Which of the following statements is true? O beta-2 receptors cause dilation and increased blood flow to the exercising muscle there is a large increase in blood flow to the brain to keep you alert mean arterial pressure increases 5-8x due to a similar increase in total cardiac output blood flow to the kidneys and gut increases due to the presence of alpha-2 receptorsarrow_forward
- Long-term methamphetamine use leads to changes in the brain. Think about how methamphetamine changed where dopamine was found in the cell. What are some changes that you might expect based on this simulation?arrow_forwardYou decide to do a series of experiments to determine where the toxin has its effect. You accomplish this by using a good, old- fashioned sciatic nerve/gastrocnemius preparation from a frog leg. This preparation dissects out the sciatic nerve (which contains the alpha-motor neuron fibers) still connected to the gastrocnemius (calf) muscle as shown below. The prep is placed in artificial ECF. Muscle Nerve Femur When you stimulate the nerve electrically, the muscle contracts. When you directly stimulate the muscle electrically, it also contracts. You then add the curare to the artificial ECF. Now, when you stimulate the nerve, the muscle no longer contracts. However, when you stimulate the muscle directly, it does contract. Based solely on these data, this means curare is potentially acting on: O Either the alpha motor neurons' ability to conduct action potentials, or the muscle's ability to conduct action potentials, but not on the neuromuscular junction. O Either the alpha motor…arrow_forwardIf the boxer wanted to be more confident and less stressed as he entered the fight, a good strategy would be to ________. Please refer to the following art to answer the following question. If the boxer wanted to be more confident and less stressed as he entered the fight, a good strategy would be to ________. assume a power pose for a period of time before the fight drink milk to increase the amount of calcium in his blood take iodide tablets to insure that sufficient thyroxin is produced eat a large amount of carbohydrates to be sure glucose is properly regulatedarrow_forward
- During a sympathetic nervous system response to an event, your heart rate increases, indicating the part of the heart responsible for controlling heart rate (the sinoatrial node) is innervated by sympathetic nerves. The SA node is also responsive to epinephrine,a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla. Explain why the onset of the effect of the hormone is so much slower than the onset of the effect from sympathetic nerve stimulation and yet the effect of the hormone lasts much longer than the effect of nerve stimulation.arrow_forwardThe patient's muscle weakness, dizziness, and nausea are all due to hypokalemia. How does hypokalemia lead to muscle weakness? O hypokalemia leads to hypopolarization which results in fewer action potentials arriving at skeletal muscles O hypokalemia leads to hyperpolarization which results in fewer action potentials arriving at skeletal muscles O hypokalemia leads to hypopolarization which leads to too many action potentials arriving at skeletal muscles O hypokalemia leads to hyperpolarization which results in too many action potentials arriving at skeletal musclesarrow_forwardLong-term aerobic training has been shown to alter the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. These changes include increased stroke volume and reduced resting heart rate. Explain how the enhanced parasympathetic activity would result in these adaptations.arrow_forward
- Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168130Author:Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark WomblePublisher:OpenStax College
- Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Administrative a...NursingISBN:9781305964792Author:Wilburta Q. Lindh, Carol D. Tamparo, Barbara M. Dahl, Julie Morris, Cindy CorreaPublisher:Cengage LearningHuman Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage Learning