Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
How many chemically distinct H atoms are in the given molecule is to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Sometimes, it is not immediately obvious whether certain hydrogen atoms in a molecule are chemically distinct. In such cases, the chemical distinction test is used. Chemical distinction test is a test in which the complete structure of the molecule is to be drawn in which and only the hydrogen atom is replaced by an imaginary “X” atom. There should be one X-substituted molecule for each hydrogen atom being tested. If the chemical distinction test yields enantiomers, then the corresponding hydrogen atoms are said to be enantiotopic. If the test yields diastereomers, then the corresponding hydrogen atoms are said to be diastereotopic.
Answer to Problem 16.8P
There are two types of chemically distinct H atoms in the given molecule.
Explanation of Solution
The given molecule is:
There are five H atoms in the above compound. These H atoms are not easily identified whether they are distinct or similar. Thus, the chemical distinction test is used here.
All H atoms in the compound are replaced by “X”; all possible structures are as shown below:
Molecules I and II are enantiomers i.e. mirror images of each other. According to chemical distinction test, these H atoms are not chemically distinct. Molecules I/II and III are constitutional isomers, these H atoms are chemically distinct. Therefore, there are two distinct types of protons, one for
Number of chemically distinct H atoms in the given molecule is determined using a chemical distinction test.
(b)
Interpretation:
How many chemically distinct H atoms are in the given molecule is to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Sometimes, it is not immediately obvious whether certain hydrogen atoms in a molecule are chemically distinct. In such cases the chemical distinction test is used. Chemical distinction test is a test in which the complete structure of the molecule is to be drawn in which and only the hydrogen atom is replaced by an imaginary “X” atom. There should be one X-substituted molecule for each hydrogen atom being tested. If the chemical distinction test yields enantiomers, then the corresponding hydrogen atoms are said to be enantiotopic. If the test yields diastereomers, then the corresponding hydrogen atoms are said to be diastereotopic.
Answer to Problem 16.8P
There are four types of chemically distinct H atoms in the given molecule.
Explanation of Solution
The given molecule is:
There are six H atoms in the above compound. These H atoms are not easily identified as distinct or similar. Thus, the chemical distinction test is used here.
All H atoms in the compound are replaced by “X”; all possible structures are as shown below:
Molecules I, II/III, IV/V, and VI are constitutional isomers. According to chemical distinction test, these H atoms are chemically distinct. Molecules II and III also IV and V are enantiomers; these H atoms are not chemically distinct according to the test. Thus, there are total four types of chemically distinct protons in the given molecule b.
Number of chemically distinct H atoms in the given molecule are determined using chemical distinction test.
(c)
Interpretation:
How many chemically distinct H atoms are in the given molecule is to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Sometimes, it is not immediately obvious whether certain hydrogen atoms in a molecule are chemically distinct. In such cases the chemical distinction test is used. Chemical distinction test is a test in which the complete structure of the molecule is to be drawn in which and only the hydrogen atom is replaced by an imaginary “X” atom. There should be one X-substituted molecule for each hydrogen atom being tested. If the chemical distinction test yields enantiomers, then the corresponding hydrogen atoms are said to be enantiotopic. If the test yields diastereomers, then the corresponding hydrogen atoms are said to be diastereotopic.
Answer to Problem 16.8P
There are three types of chemically distinct H atoms in the given molecule.
Explanation of Solution
The given molecule is:
There are five H atoms in the above compound. These H atoms are not easily identified as distinct or similar. Thus, the chemical distinction test is used here.
All H atoms in the compound are replaced by “X”; all possible structures are as shown below:
Molecules I and II, and also III and IV are the same molecules. Molecules I/II, III/IV, and V are consititutional isomers. These H atoms are distinct according to the chemical distinction test. Therefore, there are three types of chemically distinct H atoms in the given molecule c.
Number of chemically distinct H atoms in the given molecul, are determined using chemical distinction test.
(d)
Interpretation:
How many chemically distinct H atoms are in the given molecule is to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Sometimes, it is not immediately obvious whether certain hydrogen atoms in a molecule are chemically distinct. In such cases the chemical distinction test is used. Chemical distinction test is a test in which the complete structure of the molecule is to be drawn in which and only the hydrogen atom is replaced by an imaginary “X” atom. There should be one X-substituted molecule for each hydrogen atom being tested. If the chemical distinction test yields enantiomers, then the corresponding hydrogen atoms are said to be enantiotopic. If the test yields diastereomers, then the corresponding hydrogen atoms are said to be diastereotopic.
Answer to Problem 16.8P
There are three types of chemically distinct H atoms in the given molecule.
Explanation of Solution
The given molecule is:
There are four H atoms in the above compound. These H atoms are not easily identified s distinct or similar. Thus, the chemical distinction test is used here.
All H atoms in compound are replaced by “X”; all possible structures are as shown below:
Molecules II and III are the same molecule. Molecules I, II/III and IV are constitutional isomers. According to the chemical distinction test, these H atoms are distinct. Therefore, there are three types of chemically distinct H atoms in the given molecule d.
Number of chemically distinct H atoms in the given molecule is determined using the chemical distinction test.
(e)
Interpretation:
How many chemically distinct H atoms are in the given molecule is to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Sometimes, it is not immediately obvious whether certain hydrogen atoms in a molecule are chemically distinct. In such cases the chemical distinction test is used. Chemical distinction test is a test in which the complete structure of the molecule is to be drawn in which and only the hydrogen atom is replaced by an imaginary “X” atom. There should be one X-substituted molecule for each hydrogen atom being tested. If the chemical distinction test yields enantiomers, then the corresponding hydrogen atoms are said to be enantiotopic. If the test yields diastereomers, then the corresponding hydrogen atoms are said to be diastereotopic.
Answer to Problem 16.8P
There is one type of chemically distinct H atom in the given molecule.
Explanation of Solution
The given molecule is:
There are four H atoms in the above compound. These H atoms are not easily identified as distinct or similar. Thus, the chemical distinction test is used here.
All H atoms in compound are replaced by “X”; all possible structures are as shown below:
All molecules, I, II, III and IV are same. These H atoms are not distinct according to the chemical distinction test. Therefore, there is only one type of chemically distinct H atoms in the given molecule e.
Number of chemically distinct H atoms in the given molecule is determined using chemical distinction test.
(f)
Interpretation:
How many chemically distinct H atoms are in the given molecule is to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Sometimes, it is not immediately obvious whether certain hydrogen atoms in a molecule are chemically distinct. In such cases the chemical distinction test is used. Chemical distinction test is a test in which the complete structure of the molecule is to be drawn in which and only the hydrogen atom is replaced by an imaginary “X” atom. There should be one X-substituted molecule for each hydrogen atom being tested. If the chemical distinction test yields enantiomers, then the corresponding hydrogen atoms are said to be enantiotopic. If the test yields diastereomers, then the corresponding hydrogen atoms are said to be diastereotopic.
Answer to Problem 16.8P
There are three types of chemically distinct H atoms in the given molecule.
Explanation of Solution
The given molecule is:
There are five H atoms in the above compound. These H atoms are not easily identified as distinct or similar. Thus, the chemical distinction test is used here.
All H atoms in compound are replaced by “X”; all possible structures are as shown below:
Molecules I and II, and also III and IV are the same molecule. Molecules I/II and III/IV are constitutional isomers. According to the chemical distinction test, these H atoms are chemically distinct. Therefore, there are three types of chemically distinct H atoms, two from the
Number of chemically distinct H atoms in the given molecule is determined using chemical distinction test.
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Chapter 16 Solutions
Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition)
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- Problem Name each of the following anions and give the name and formula of the acid derived from it: (a) Br-; (b) IO3 -; (c) CN-; (d) SO4 2-; (e) NO2 -.arrow_forwardDraw the major resonance structure for the compound shown; include lone pairs of electrons, formal charges, and condensed hydrogen atoms (located in the More menu). Then draw curved arrows to show how this can be converted to the Lewis structure givenarrow_forwardFor each of the following molecules, complete the following. (Please Explain) Draw the bond dipole for each polar bond. Indicate whether there is a net dipole or not using the blanks provided. You don’t need to provide the direction of the net dipole, only whether or not one exists.arrow_forward
- Draw all reasonable resonance structures for the following compounds. Be sure to show the proper arrows to indicate electron movementarrow_forwardCould we cut just one bond in the "starting" molecule shown in the drawing area below to create this "target" molecule? The target molecule. If so, highlight the bond to be cut. If not, check the box under the drawing area that says Not possible. Note: it's OK if cutting the bond creates more than one molecule, as long as one of them is the target molecule. Xarrow_forwardProblem Draw Lewis structures for the following:(a) Ethylene (C2H4), the most important reactant in the manufacture of polymers(b) Nitrogen (N2), the most abundant atmospheric gasPlan We show the structure resulting from steps 1 to 4: placing the atoms, counting the total valence electrons, making single bonds, and distributing the remaining valence electrons in pairs to attain octets. Then we continue with step 5, if needed.arrow_forward
- Organic Chemistry: A Guided InquiryChemistryISBN:9780618974122Author:Andrei StraumanisPublisher:Cengage Learning