Concept explainers
What type of cells would develop if you injected embryos with a reagent that blocked the FGF receptor, thus preventing its signaling? What about with a reagent that turned on the FGF receptor, thereby causing it to be always on?
To determine: The cells that would develop even after blocking FGF receptor and the effect on persistently active FGF receptor.
Introduction: Colony-stimulating factors (CSF) are the molecules that are a combination of polysaccharide and protein; thus, called glycoproteins. These are the factors that help in stimulating the production, proliferation and differentiation of various types of blood cells in the body.
Explanation of Solution
The different cells of the body undergo diverse cell fate due to molecule signalling and decision-making. The FGF (fibroblast growth factor) receptor is important protein receptor that regulates the growth of fibroblasts. The cells that will keep on dividing and differentiating after adding a reagent that blocks FGF receptor are the muscle precursor cells and nerve cord precursor cells. This is because the muscle precursor cells and nerve cord precursor cells do not have FGF receptor, and therefore its blocking willnot affect its functioning. On adding a reagent that persistently activates FGF receptor or over activates it can result in the various pathological conditions like unregulated cell growth, tumour genesis, and skeletal abnormalities like achondroplasia and craniosynostosis.
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Chapter 19 Solutions
BIOLOGY
- Use the SGF-signaling pathway image as a reference, to answer the following questions. Use the data provided to EXPLAIN if the cell will get to the response step or not. Keep in mind the purpose of this pathway is to cause skin cell division Growth Factor (GF-signal) Activation of GF Receptor (RTK-receptor) To cause Cell proliferation/cell division (Response) Plasma membrane Sos Grb2 (Ras GEF) (adapter) Raf МАРКK Mek МАРКK Activation of target genes that stimulate proliferation Erk МАРК You have a skin cell in a dish and have added Neural Growth Factor (NGF) to the cell media (the liquid the cell needs to live).arrow_forwardUse the SGF-signaling pathway image as a reference, to answer the following questions. Use the data provided to EXPLAIN if the cell will get to the response step or not. Keep in mind the purpose of this pathway is to cause skin cell division Growth Factor (GF-signal) Activation of GF Receptor (RTK-receptor) To cause Cell proliferation/cell division (Response) Plasma membrane Ras GEF ladapter) MAPIKK Mek MAPIK MAPK You have a skin cell that inject SGF protein directly into the cytoplasm but you do NOT put SGF in the media (the liquid the cell needs to live).arrow_forward47. Order the sequence of Canonical signaling via Frizzled receptors. i) β-catenin can now promote proliferation and stem cell state ii) Frizzled receptor signals for dishevelled and axin binding to itself iii) LRP assisted with Wnt binding to frizzled receptor iv) Preventing the activation of GSK-β which signals for phosphorylation A. iii ->ii-> iv-> i B. iv-> iii -> ii-> i C. i-> ii-> iv-> iii D. iii-> iv-> ii-> iarrow_forward
- You are studying the role of CAMP in cell signaling. You hypothesize that 2 intracellular signaling proteins, named GO and TIGERS, interact with each other when cells are treated with an extracellular source of CAMP. The two proteins were tagged with CFP or YFP (CFP = cyan fluorescent protein; YFP = yellow fluorescent protein). CFP is excited by 435 nm light and emits lights at 480 nm. YFP is excited by 480 nm light and emits light at 535 nm. 400 500 Wavelength of Emitted Light 400 500 Wavelength of Emitted Light 600 600 Fluorescence 400 400 500 Wavelength of Emitted Light 600 500 Wavelength of Emitted Light 600 Fluorescence Intensity 400 500 Wavelength of Emitted Light 600 Figure Legend. A. Cells expressing GO-CFP irradiate with 435 nm light. B. Cells expressing TIGERS-YFP and irradiated with 435 nm light. C. Cells expressing TIGERS- YFP and irradiated with 480 nm light. D. Cells expressing GO-CFP and TIGERS-YFP and irradiated with 435 nm light. E. Cells expressing GO-CFP and…arrow_forwardRAS is a signal transducer that acts as a switch for turning on cell division. Drag the descriptions below to their proper places on the figure to show the sequence of events. When growth factor binds to the receptor, the intracellular domain activates RAS by facilitating exchange of GDP for GTP. When no growth factor is bound to the extracellular receptor, RAS is bound to GDP and is inactive. RAS activates the first of three sequential kinase proteins termed the MAP kinase cascade. Cell proliferation proceeds as the machinery for cell division is set in motion. The end result of the MAP kinase cascade is activation of a transcription factor. Receptor 1 Ras GDP 2 4 5 Growth factor Ras GTParrow_forwardWhich components of the phosphoinositide signaling system are soluble and which are associated with the membrane?arrow_forward
- Diagram (just use arrows in the same way you diagrammed in a former test a stimulus leading to the activation of PKC, for example) in as much detail as possible what happens to a mammalian cell when it is irradiated, leading to when the cycle stops due to DNA damage. Include and name the famous mammalian checkpoint protein known by its molecular weight, as well as name another protein it activates. This other protein's function can be described by a 3 letter acronym that contains the letter K. Mention the acronym. 1.arrow_forwardPut the following steps for the outline of the growth factor signaling pathway in order: Map Kinase Kinase is Phosphorylated Proteins involved in gene transcription are activated Growth factor binds to its receptor in the cytoplasmic membrane Receptor recruits adaptor protein and GEF Autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the receptor Structural change of the receptor activates Tyrosine Kinase Map Kinase Kinase Kinase is phosphorylated Ras, a small GTPase, is activated by the exchange of GTP for GDP Map Kinase is Phosphorylated Map Kinase enters the nucleusarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements are correct about cell signaling and proliferation in normal cells? more than one answer A. Cells require growth factors from other cells to proliferate B. Growth Factors must enter cell to signal cell growth C. Growth Factor Receptors can be oncogenes D. Protein Growth Factors can be Oncogenes E. Staurosporine is a potent inhibitor of Ser/Thr kinases and would be expected to inhibit Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor signalingarrow_forward
- What types of global regulatory mechanisms might a cell use to control the changes in gene expression that occur during attachment? How will the cell sense that it is attached and what ways does it have to turn genes on or off to take advantage of the situation? Give examples to illustrate your point.arrow_forwardWhat is this survival signal?arrow_forwardThe epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activates a complex signaling network to increase expression of several genes and promote cell proliferation as shown in the figure below. EGF Active EGFR Inactive EGFR P- Inactive EGFR Inactive Ras-GDR Ras-GTP Active Raf -P МЕК- Р NUCLEUS МАРК-Р Active МАРК-Р C-myc gene transcribed CYTOPLASM Cell proliferation Which of the following scenarios would result in increased expression of the c-myc gene? Select all that apply. A homozygous mutation of the EGFR gene resulting in a deletion of the ligand binding domain A homozygous mutation of the ras gene so that Ras protein was not able to exchange GDP for GTP A homozygous mutation of the MAPK gene so that MAPK protein was always in a phosphorylated state A homozygous mutation of the ras gene so that Ras protein was not able to hydrolyze GTP for GDParrow_forward
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