The expression for the flux through a loop.
Answer to Problem 1RQ
The flux through a loop is the product of its area and the normal component of the magnetic field.
Explanation of Solution
The magnetic flux is the number of magnetic field lines that passing the area inside the loop. Therefore, the magnetic flux increases with increase in the area of the loop.
Magnetic flux through a loop is directly proportional to the number of magnetic lines passes through the loop area and the component of magnetic field normal to the loop.
Write the expression for the magnetic flux
Here,
Conclusion:
Thus, the flux through a loop is the product of its area and the normal component of the magnetic field.
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Chapter 20 Solutions
General Physics, 2nd Edition
- Assume a length of axon membrane of about 0.10 m is excited by an action potential length excited = nerve speed × pulse duration = 50.0 m/s × 0.0020 s = 0.10 m). In the resting state, the outer surface of the axon wall is charged positively with k* ions and the inner wall has an equal and opposite charge of negative organic ions, as shown in the figure below. Model the axon as a parallel-plate capacitor and take C = ke,A/d and Q = CAV to investigate the charge as follows. Use typical values for a cylindrical axon of cell wall thickness d = 1.4 x 10-8 m, axon radius r = 1.4 x 101 um, and cell-wall dielectric constant k = 2.2.arrow_forwardAssume a length of axon membrane of about 0.10 m is excited by an action potential (length excited = nerve speed × pulse duration = 50.0 m/s × 0.0020 s = 0.10 m). In the resting state, the outer surface of the axon wall is charged positively with K+ ions and the inner wall has an equal and opposite charge of negative organic ions, as shown in the figure below. Model the axon as a parallel-plate capacitor and take C = ??0A/d and Q = CΔV to investigate the charge as follows. Use typical values for a cylindrical axon of cell wall thickness d = 1.1 ✕ 10−8 m, axon radius r = 2.0 ✕ 101 ?m, and cell-wall dielectric constant ? = 2.7. A diagram shows a collection of positive and negative charges in and around an axon. The diagram is divided into three sections, one on top of the other. The top section is labeled "External fluid". A row of positive charges labeled "Positive charge layer" lies along the bottom side of this section. Above the row of positive charges, there is an even mixture of…arrow_forwardAssume a length of axon membrane of about 0.10 m is excited by an action potential (length excited = nerve speed x pulse duration = 50.0 m/s x 0.0020 s = 0.10 m). In the resting state, the outer surface of the axon wall is charged positively with K+ ions and the inner wall has an equal and opposite charge of negative organic ions, as shown in the figure below. Model the axon as a parallel-plate capacitor and take C = KE A/d and Q = CAV to investigate the charge as follows. Use typical values for a cylindrical axon of cell wall thickness d = 1.8 x 10-8 m, axon radius r = 1.4 × 10¹ μm, and cell-wall dielectric constant x = 2.0. Positive charge layer Negative charge layer 1+ External fluid + + + Axon wall membrane + Internal fluid Axon radius = r + + + d + (a) Calculate the positive charge on the outside of a 0.10-m piece of axon when it is not conducting an electric pulse. (Assume an initial potential difference of 7.0 x 10-² V.) How many K+ ions are on the outside of the axon assuming…arrow_forward
- Assume a length of axon membrane of about 0.10 m is excited by an action potential (length excited = nerve speed × pulse duration = 50.0 m/s × 0.0020 s = 0.10 m). In the resting state, the outer surface of the axon wall is charged positively with K+ ions and the inner wall has an equal and opposite charge of negative organic ions, as shown in the figure below. Model the axon as a parallel-plate capacitor and take C = ??0A/d and Q = CΔV to investigate the charge as follows. Use typical values for a cylindrical axon of cell wall thickness d = 1.6 ✕ 10−8 m, axon radius r = 1.9 ✕ 101 ?m, and cell-wall dielectric constant ? = 2.6. (a) Calculate the positive charge on the outside of a 0.10-m piece of axon when it is not conducting an electric pulse. (Assume an initial potential difference of 7.0 ✕ 10−2 V.)?CHow many K+ ions are on the outside of the axon assuming an initial potential difference of 7.0 ✕ 10−2 V??K+ ions (b) How much positive charge must flow through the cell membrane to reach…arrow_forwardAssume a length of axon membrane of about 0.10 m is excited by an action potential (length excited = nerve speed x pulse duration = 50.0 m/s x 0.0020 s = 0.10 m). In the resting state, the outer surface of the axon wall is charged positively with K+ ions and the inner wall has an equal and opposite charge of negative organic ions, as shown in the figure below. Model the axon as a parallel-plate capacitor and take C = ke A/d and Q = CAV to investigate the charge as follows. Use typical values for a cylindrical axon of cell wall thickness d = 2.0 × 10-8 m, axon radius r = 1.6 × 10¹ µm, and cell-wall dielectric constant x = 2.9. Positive charge layer Negative charge layer External fluid Axon wall membrane Internal fluid Axon radius = r No + (a) Calculate the positive charge on the outside of a 0.10-m piece of axon when it is not conducting an electric pulse. (Assume an initial potential difference of 7.0 x 10-² v.) d Your response differs significantly from the correct answer. Rework your…arrow_forwardAssume a length of axon membrane of about 0.10 m is excited by an action potential (length excited = nerve speed x pulse duration = 50.0 m/s x 0.0020 s = 0.10 m). In the resting state, the outer surface of the axon wall is charged positively with K+ ions and the inner wall has an equal and opposite charge of negative organic ions, as shown in the figure below. Model the axon as a parallel-plate capacitor and take C = K² A/d and Q = CAV to investigate the charge as follows. Use typical values for a cylindrical axon of cell wall thickness d = 2.0 x 10-8 m, axon radius r = 1.6 x 10¹ μm, and cell-wall dielectric constant k = 2.9. Positive charge layer Negative charge layer External fluid Axon wall membrane Internal fluid - Axon radius= d -2 (a) Calculate the positive charge on the outside of a 0.10-m piece of axon when it is not conducting an electric pulse. (Assume an initial potential difference of 7.0 x 10-² v.) 9.03E-10 C How many K+ ions are on the outside of the axon assuming an…arrow_forward
- Assume a length of axon membrane of about 0.10 m is excited by an action potential (length excited = nerve speed x pulse duration = 50.0 m/s x 0.0020 s = 0.10 m). In the resting state, the outer surface of the axon wall is charged positively with K+ ions and the inner wall has an equal and opposite charge of negative organic ions, as shown in the figure below. Model the axon as a parallel-plate capacitor and take C = KE A/d and Q = CAV to investigate the charge as follows. Use typical values for a cylindrical axon of cell wall thickness d = 1.3 x 10-8 m, axon radius r = 1.3 × 10¹ μm, and cell-wall dielectric constant x = 2.1. Positive charge layer Negative charge layer External fluid + Axon wall membrane Internal fluid Axon radius = r + + How many sodium ions (Na+) is this? Na+ ions + (a) Calculate the positive charge on the outside of a 0.10-m piece of axon when it is not conducting an electric pulse. (Assume an initial potential difference of 7.0 x 10-² V.) C How many K+ ions are on…arrow_forwardIn a typical mammalian cell, the net transport by the sodiumpotassium exchange pump that maintains the 70 mV membrane potential is 500 singly charged ions per second. How much work does the pump do each second?arrow_forwardAssume a length of axon membrane of about 0.10 m is excited by an action potential (length excited = nerve speed x pulse duration equal and opposite charge of negative organic ions, as shown in the figure below. Model the axon as a parallel-plate capacitor and take C = K² A/d and Q radius r = 1.6 × 10¹ μm, and cell-wall dielectric constant x = 2.9. = Positive charge layer Negative charge layer + External fluid Axon wall membrane No Axon radius = r + Internal fluid + How many sodium ions (Na+) is this? Na+ ions d + (a) Calculate the positive charge on the outside of a 0.10-m piece of axon when it is not conducting an electric pulse. (Assume an initial potential difference of 7.0 × 10-² V.) -2 9.03E-10 C How many K+ ions are on the outside of the axon assuming an initial potential difference of 7.0 × 10-² V? 5.639E9 K+ ions = 50.0 m/s X 0.0020 s = 0.10 m). In the resting state, the outer surface of the axon wall is charged positively with K+ ions and the inner wall CAV to investigate the…arrow_forward
- Assume a length of axon membrane of about 0.10 m is excited by an action potential (length excited = nerve speed x pulse duration 50.0 m/s x 0.0020 s = 0.10 m). In the %D resting state, the outer surface of the axon wall is charged positively with Kt ions and the inner wall has an equal and opposite charge of negative organic ions, as shown in the figure below. Model the axon as a parallel-plate capacitor and take C = KƐ A/d and Q = CAV to investigate the charge as follows. Use typical values for a cylindrical axon of cell -8 wall thickness d = 1.5 x 10 m, axon radius r = 2.0 x 10- um, and cell-wall dielectric constant K = 2.9. External fluid + Positive charge layer Axon wall membrane d Negative charge layer Internal fluid Axon radius = r (a) Calculate the positive charge on the outside of a 0.10-m piece of axon when it is not conducting an electric pulse. (Assume an initial potential difference of 7.0 x 10-2 v.) 1.035E-9 Your response differs from the correct answer by more than 10%.…arrow_forwardThe velocity of spike propagation is proportional to the following combination of factors: 1 a C, V R„R, m Where a is the radius of the axon, Rm and R; are specific resistances of the membrane and the internal buffer, respectively. If we double the radius and simultaneously increase the concentration of salt inside the axon twice (i.e. R; decreases two times), by how many fold will the velocity change?arrow_forward12. (a) Using Eq. AQ=CAV and the data in the Table, calculate the number of ions entering the axon during the action potential, per meter of nonmyelinated axon length. (The charge on the ion is 1.6 x 10-19 coulomb.) (b) During the resting state of the axon, typical concentrations of sodium and potassium ions inside the axon are 15 and 150 millimole/liter, respectively. From the data in the Table, calculate the number of ions per meter length of the axon. Table 13.1 Properties of Sample Axons Hint: 1 F (farad) = 1coulomb/1 volt Property Nonmyelinated axon Myelinated axon Axon radius 5 x 10-m 5 x 10-6 m 1 mole /liter = 6.02 x 1020 particles (ions, atoms, etc. ) Resistance per unit length of fluid cm 6.37 x 10°2/m 6.37 x 10°2/m both inside and outside axon (r) Conductivity per unit length of axon membrane (gm) 1.25 x 10-4 mho/m In the resting state, the axon voltage is -70mV. During the pulse, the voltage changes to about +30mV, resulting in a net voltage change across the membrane of 100…arrow_forward
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