Concepts of Biology
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781938168116
Author: Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise
Publisher: OpenStax College
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Textbook Question
Chapter 4, Problem 17CTQ
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms carry out some form of glycolysis. How does ha fact support or not support the assertion that glycolysis is one of the oldest
Expert Solution & Answer
Trending nowThis is a popular solution!
Students have asked these similar questions
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms carry out some form of glycolysis. How does that fact support or not support the assertion that glycolysis is one of the oldest metabolic pathways?
While the conversion of glucose (Glc) to pyrucate (Pyr) is shared across all domains of life, the route to get there can differ dramatically. In some Archaea, for example, some of the key steps in glycolysis differ. One example of this is the conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) to 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG). Instead of the two-step process catalyzed by GAPDH and PGK:
GAPDH
GAP + Pi + NAD+ -----> BGP + NADH
PGK
BGP + ADP <-----> 3PG + ATP
The archaeal pathway utilizes the enzyme non-phosporylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPN) to catalyze the metabolically irreversible step shown below:
GAPN
GAP + NADP+ ---> BGP + NADPH
In bacteria and eukaryotes, GAPDH/PGK are not regulated via allosteric activation or inhibition. Do you imagine this is the same for GAPN? Why or why not?
While the conversion of glucose (Glc) to pyrucate (Pyr) is shared across all domains of life, the route to get there can differ dramatically. In some Archaea, for example, some of the key steps in glycolysis differ. One example of this is the conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) to 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG). Instead of the two-step process catalyzed by GAPDH and PGK:
GAPDH
GAP + Pi + NAD+ -----> BGP + NADH
PGK
BGP + ADP <-----> 3PG + ATP
The archaeal pathway utilizes the enzyme non-phosporylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPN) to catalyze the metabolically irreversible step shown below:
GAPN
GAP + NADP+ ---> BGP + NADPH
In terms of the ΔGrxn, why is the GAPDH+PGK process reversible but the GAPN process is not?
Chapter 4 Solutions
Concepts of Biology
Ch. 4 - Figure 4.6 Look at each of the processes shown and...Ch. 4 - Figure 4.15 Cyanide inhibits cytochrome c oxidase,...Ch. 4 - Figure 4.16 Tremetol, a metabolic poison found in...Ch. 4 - Which of the following is not an example of an...Ch. 4 - Which of the following is not true about enzymes?...Ch. 4 - Energy is stored long-term in the bonds of _____...Ch. 4 - The energy currency used by cells is _____. a. ATP...Ch. 4 - The glucose that enters the glycolysis pathway is...Ch. 4 - What do the electrons added to NAD do? a. They...Ch. 4 - Chemiosmosis involves a. the movement of electrons...
Ch. 4 - Which of the following fermentation methods can...Ch. 4 - The cholesterol synthesized by cells uses which...Ch. 4 - Beta oxidation is ______. a. the breakdown of...Ch. 4 - Does physical exercise to increase muscle mass...Ch. 4 - Explain in your own terms the difference between a...Ch. 4 - With regard to enzymes, why are vitamins and...Ch. 4 - Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms carry...Ch. 4 - We inhale oxygen when we breathe and exhale carbon...Ch. 4 - When muscle cells run out of oxygen, what happens...Ch. 4 - Would you describe metabolic pathways as...
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Find more solutions based on key concepts
A ship sailing in the Gulf Stream is heading 25.0° west of north at a speed of 4.00 m/s relative to the water. ...
College Physics
Endospore formation is called (a) _____. It is initiated by (b) _____. Formation of a new cell from an endospor...
Microbiology: An Introduction
1. Which trophic level(s) must be present to sustain any ecosystem?
a. producers only
b. producers and consume...
Biology: Life on Earth (11th Edition)
Describe two hypotheses that explain why species diversity is greater in tropical regions than in temperate and...
Campbell Biology (11th Edition)
Identify which of the following lac operon haploid genotypes transcribe operon genes induciblyand which transcr...
Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach (2nd Edition)
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- What metabolic products are formed from pyruvate in each case: a) anaerobic conditions in the body b) anaerobic conditions in yeast c) aerobic conditionsarrow_forwardHow much ATP is made available to the cell from a single glucose molecule by the operation of (1) glycolysis, (2) the formation of acetyl CoA, (3) the citric acid cycle, and (4) the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis?Where does each of these processes take place in a eukaryotic cell?arrow_forwardWhich of the following are common to all metabolic pathways? a) Citric acid cycle b) Oxidative phosphorylation c) Electron transport chain d) All of the abovearrow_forward
- Which statement best describes the reason why some of the reactions of glycolysis cannot be run in reverse in gluconeogenesis? 1) The last reactions occur in mitochondria and reactions there can never be reversed. 2) Glycolysis includes isomerization reactions and these can never be reversed. 3) There are some allaşteric enzymes and allosteric enzymes can never be reversed. 4) Some reactions have such large negative free energy changes that they can never be reversed under cellular conditions. Oarrow_forwardNearly all of the energy used by living cells comes from the energy in the bonds of the sugar glucose. As glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, it is probably one of the earlier metabolic pathways to evolve since it is used by nearly all the organisms on Earth. As discussed, why are coupled reactions important in the process of glycolysis?arrow_forwardCellular respiration is a metabolic process that breaks down glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Oxygen is an essential molecule to efficiently divert the glucose into an energy-rich molecules needed to sustain activities of the cell. Hence, carbon dioxide and water are the end-products of cellular respiration. The overall process can be refined into three main metabolic stages namely (1) glycolysis, (2) tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), and (3) oxidative phosphorylation. In plant cells, the enzymes that catalyze the individual steps involved in respiration and energy conservation are located in highly organized compartment called mitochondrion. In this laboratory activity, you will use the germinated mung beans (Vigna radiata) to demonstrate what happens to the stored sugar in the seed upon its utilization during cellular respiration. At the end of the experiment, you are expected to identify what are the different factors that affect cellular respiration.arrow_forward
- a) Describe the three irreversible reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle. Ensure to indicate their purpose/role, the substrates and products, the enzyme involved, and any significant features of the reaction. b) Why are these reactions considered irreversible (why can't they be reversed)? c) Using one of the reactions as an example, explain why it is important for the cell that the reaction is irreversible.arrow_forwardWrite a one-sentence explanation for each of the following statements. (a) When the charge index is 1, the cell will not proceed for glycolysis. (b) Glycolysis evolved earlier than photosynthetic organisms. (c) Gluconcogenesis is not a reversal of glycolysis.arrow_forward|a) Explain why the citric acid cycle is considered to be the center of cellular metabolism. b) What are the substrates and products corresponding to one turn of the citric acid cycle? (no need for enzymes) c) Which steps of the citric acid cycle release CO2 as a product? Which steps produce NADH or FADH2? Which step produces GTP? d) How much ATP can be generated from glucose when the citric acid cycle is operating?arrow_forward
- Which reaction listed is an actual metabolic reaction that occurs in the cell? a) lactate to pyruvate b) acetyl CoA to pyruvate c) pyruvate to urea d) carbon dioxid to glycerolarrow_forwardWould you describe metabolic pathways as inherently wasteful or inherently economical, and why?arrow_forwarda) What is the process by which cells generate ATP through a series of redox (chemical) reactions called? How many ATPs generated through this process from one Glucose molecule? b) What does cellular respiration accomplish for the cell? c) What happens to the NADH produced in glycolysis? Why does it need to get into the mitochondria? d) Write the role of O2 in cellular respiration. e) What happens to our body’s enzyme activity during fever? f) What is the difference between apo-enzyme and holo-enzyme? g) What is meant by the term specificity in relation to enzyme activity? h) If humans evolved from apes, why are there still apes? i) What are the risk factors of type 2 diabetes? j) Why was Lamarck wrong about giraffes?arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Concepts of BiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168116Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James WisePublisher:OpenStax CollegeBiology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage Learning
Concepts of Biology
Biology
ISBN:9781938168116
Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise
Publisher:OpenStax College
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781337392938
Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Anaerobic Respiration; Author: Bozeman Science;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDC29iBxb3w;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY