Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Question
Chapter 44.1, Problem 1R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The conduction of a signal between two neurons at a chemical synapse with the help of a diagram.
Introduction:
Each and every stimulus is carried to our brain by the sensory neurons. The stimulus is converted into the action potentials that are carried in the form of either an electrical impulse or the chemical message. The chemical message is transferred with the help of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, glycine, and glutamine.
Structure of two neurons representing the chemical synapse between them
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionStudents have asked these similar questions
Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's disease is neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement. Most people affected with Parkinson's disease demonstrate rigidity, slow movement, and shaking. The symptoms of Parkinson's disease occur when the cells that produce dopamine neurotransmitters die in the brain.
Explain how the signal transmission at a synapse in an individual with Parkinson's disease is different than an unaffected individual.
Describe the normal process of signal transmission at a synapse. Start with the arrival of an action potential at the axon terminal and include the name of the neurotransmitter that is affected by Parkinson's disease.
Explain how the process is different in individuals affected with Parkinson's disease.
When an impulse arrives at the synapse, the synaptic vesicles open and release neurotransmitters into the cleft within a thousandth of a second. Within another ten thousandth of a second, these molecules have diffused across the cleft and bound to receptor sites in the effector cell. In what two ways is transmission across a synapse terminated so that the neuron’s signal is concluded?
Draw a chain of two neurons that synapse on one another in sequence. Label the
presynaptic and postsynaptic ends of each neuron, the cell bodies, dendrites,
axons, axon hillock and axon terminals, location of voltage gated Ca²+ channels,
location of voltage gated Na+ channels, location of voltage gated K* channels,
location of Na*/ K+ pumps, location of neurotransmitter storage, location of
neurotransmitter receptors. Consider your drawing and describe the function of
neurons. Include an explanation why neurons are considered polarized cells and
how this relates to their function. (Polarized here is not referring to membrane
potential as all cells have a membrane potential). This means you will need to
explain the location of different channels in the neuron and the relationship of the
channels to the function of a neuron.
Chapter 44 Solutions
Life: The Science of Biology
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Depression is a condition in which sufferers may feel low mood, lack of motivation and sleep. It is caused by a lack of serotonin in the synaptic cleft of neurone pathways. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. a) Describe how serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter. Using your understanding of synaptic transmission, explain how communication between neurones in serotonin pathways of the brain would be affected in someone with depression. b) Doctors use tubocurarine drug as an anaesthetic as it temporarily paralyses muscles. It blocks receptors at neuromuscular junctions. Why does this lead to paralysis?arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements does not accurately describe a synapses? A) Both chemical and electrical synapses relay information through similar mechanisms. B) Both chemical and electrical synapses relay information from neurons to target cells. C) Electrical synapses have no gaps between the neuron and target cell. D) Chemical synapses have a gap between the neuron and target cell.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements concerning synapses is FALSE? O A) Modulation of synaptic strength can be presynaptic of postsynaptic B) High frequency stimulation in the presynaptic neuron often leads to DECREASED neurotransmitter release O C) Modulation of synaptic strength can either be short term, lasting seconds, or long term, lasting as long as a lifetime. D) Agonists are drugs that mimic neurotransmitters and antagonists are drugs that block the action of neurotransmitters O E) Certain drugs prevent the reuptake of neurotransmitter from the synapsearrow_forward
- Which of the following combinations of spatial summation of postsynaptic potentials (PSP) would result in an action potential in a typical neuron? The voltage given for each PSP is measured as it reaches the axon hillock. Axon A EPSP 25 mV & axon B IPSP 10 mV Axon A IPSP 25 mV & axon B EPSP 10 mV Axon A IPSP 5 mV & axon B IPSP 5 mV Axon A EPSP 5 mV & axon B EPSP 5 mVarrow_forwardCystic fibrosis is a degenerative disease that causes the progressive breakdown of the myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons. Which of the following best describes the likely effect of cystic fibrosis on neuronal function? A B C D an inhibition in the release of neurotransmitters at the synaptic terminal a decrease in the conduction speed of the action potential along neuronal axons an unstoppable generation of action potential in affected neurons an inhibition in the generation of action potentials at neuronal dendritesarrow_forwardWhich of the following are the likely explanations for the failure of a postsynaptic neuron to trigger an action potential? Select all that apply. The EPSPs are neutralized by the neurotransmitter The summation of IPSPs and EPSPs is insufficient to depolarize the cell to threshold The synapses generating the EPSPs are too close to the axon hillock The synapses generating the EPSPs are too far from the axon hillockarrow_forward
- Cocaine blocks the removal of dopamine from the synapse, leading to a rapid rise of dopamine in the synapse. Which of the following best describes what will likely occur as a result of increased dopamine in the synapse? The presynaptic cell will be unable to release more neurotransmitter. the postsynaptic cell will return to its resting potential, causing feelings of well-being. The postsynaptic cell will be constantly activated, causing feelings of euphoria. The postsynaptic cell will respond more quickly to a change in output of the presynaptic cell, causing feelings of euphoria. The buildup of neurotransmitter will activate the presynaptic cell, causing feelings of euphoria.arrow_forwardWhich statement is TRUE about the synapse? Neurotransmitters shuttle the signal back and forth between the pre- and post-synaptic cell. The pre-synaptic cell and post-synaptic cell are in direct contact, allowing the electrical signal to seamlessly flow from one to the other. The action potential jumps from the pre-synaptic cell into the post-synaptic cell. The action potential ends in the pre-synaptic cell and neurotransmitters carry the signal across the synaptic cleft to the post-synaptic cell.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is the role of axonal Calcium (Ca2+) channels in neuronal communication at the synapse? a) they inhibit the action potential causing it to stop b) Calcium channels have no role in this process c) by allowing calcium to exit the cell, they promote the propagation of action potential across the synapse by creating depolarization d) by blocking calcium entrance, they mediate the contraction of presynaptic axon to facilitate movement e) when they open, calcium enters the presynaptic terminal, promoting fusion of neurotransmitter vesicles with presynaptic membrane, and release of neurotransmitters to the synaptic cleftarrow_forward
- Given the steps shown below, which of the following is the correct sequence for transmission at a chemical synapse? 1. neurotransmitter binds with receptor 2. sodium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm 3. action potential depolarizes the presynaptic membrane 4. ion channel opens to allow particular ion to enter cell 5. synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft O 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 O 5, 1, 2, 4, 3 O 2, 3, 5, 4, 1 O4, 3, 1, 2, 5 O 3, 2, 5, 1, 4arrow_forwardA postsynaptic neuron has three presynaptic inputs from neurons X, Y, and Z. When X and Y are stimulated simultaneously and repeatedly, the postsynaptic neuron reaches threshold and undergoes an action potential. When X and Z are stimulated simultaneously, however, there is no change in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron. Which of the following is correct? Select one: A. The simultaneous stimulation of X and Z is an example of temporal summation. O B. The simultaneous stimulation of X and Y is an example of temporal summation. O C. The repeated rapid stimulation of X is an example of spatial summation. O D. The stimulation of Y causes an IPSP in the postsynaptic neuron. O E. The stimulation of Z causes a hyperpolarization in the postsynaptic neuron.arrow_forwardConsider the following three diagrams of a nerve cell membrane. They show resting potential, depolarization, and hyperpolarization. Figure out which one is which, then draw them in the order they occur in a cell that undergoes an action potential outside + Na* inside K* Na* Nat K Nat K Na potential: -80 mV outside + Na K* Na* inside Na+ K Nat Na* K+ potential: +30 mV outside Na Na Na Na* K+ inside K* Na* Kt potential: -70 mVarrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:PEARSON
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:9781947172517
Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781259398629
Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa Stouter
Publisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780815344322
Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter
Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781260159363
Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, Cynthia
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9781260231700
Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael Windelspecht
Publisher:McGraw Hill Education
Immune System and Immune Response Animation; Author: Medical Sciences Animations;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDdbUBXPKc4;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Immune response: summary; Author: Dr Bhavsar Biology;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADANgHkX4OY;License: Standard Youtube License