Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 48.2, Problem 1R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The influence of directionality of blood and water flow on opposite side of fish gill membranes on the maximum exchange of oxygen when the rates of perfusion and ventilation are constant.
Introduction:
Gills are the major respiratory organs in fishes. Fishes have the ability to pull oxygen-rich water from the surrounding area into their mouths and transporting them to gills which help in the exchange of oxygen between water and blood.
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Chapter 48 Solutions
Life: The Science of Biology
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- If the frontal cilia of an ascidian pharynx were immobilized what would be the likely consequence(s) closure of siphons no mucus net spreading cessation of gas exchange cessation of the feeding currentarrow_forwardDiagram the four basic steps of O2 transport from an animal’srespiratory medium (air or water) to its cells.arrow_forwardDuring exercise—as compared with rest—what are the aspects ofblood O2 transport that can be modified to increase O2 deliveryto the exercising muscles? Based on the information discussed inthis chapter, how do squids differ from vertebrates in the specificways in which they increase O2 delivery?arrow_forward
- When P. falciparum lives inside red blood cells, the metabolism of the parasite tends to release acid. What effect is the presence of acid likely to have on the oxygencarrying capacity of the red blood cells? On the likelihood that these cells sickle?arrow_forwardSOURCE: Gills are the main site of gas exchange in almost all fishes. The gills consist of bony or cartilaginously stiffened arches that anchor pairs of gill filaments. In sharks, the pairs of gill filaments are separated by a fleshy septum. The numerous, minute lamellae that protrude from both sides of each filament are the primary sites of gas exchange; however, not all the blood flow in the gills is directed to the lamellae. "Nonrespiratory basal blood channels or venolymphatic simuses may carry a significant fraction of the gall blood found that resting rainbow trout perfused approximately 58% of their lamellae with blood. Trout in hypoxic (low dissolved oxygen) water or injected with epinepherine (eg. simulating stress or excitement) perfused more than 70% of their lamellae. Conversely, injections of acetylcholine decreased perfused lamellae to approximately 43%. These results indicate that rainbow trout can increase the number of lamellae that are used in respiration as the…arrow_forwardLancelet pharynx has little role in gas exchange.It is so?arrow_forward
- Discuss the factors that affect O2 and CO2 transport inthe blood.arrow_forward1. Gas exchange in terrestrial versus aquatic environments follows similar physical laws but there are also important differences. Using Fick's law, identify the MAIN factor that is different between these two environments? a) Everything is different in water b) Barrier thickness c) Diffusion coefficient d) Diffusion rate 2. Gills are used by most aquatic invertebrates for gas exchange. What are some of the characteristics they have that make them and ideal gas exchange organ? Select all that apply. a) They are highly folded (increasing surface area) b) They are never used in hypoxic environments (increasing concentration gradient) c) They are only possessed by small organisms (decreasing length) d) They are thin-walled (decreasing barrier thickness).arrow_forwardThe hemoglobin in mammalian blood is usually thought ofsimply as increasing the amount of O2 that can be carried by eachliter of blood. However, in a lecture on hemoglobin, a respiratoryphysiologist made the following statement: “The presence ofhemoglobin in the blood also makes possible the rapid uptakeof O2 by the blood as it flows through the lungs.” Explain thelecturer’s point.arrow_forward
- Describe 2 factors that contribute to the efficiency of gas exchange in fish gills. Why are fish gills the most efficient of all respiratory organs?arrow_forwardThe diving bellspider (Argyronetaaquatica) stores airunderwater in a net ofsilk. Explain why thisadaptation could bemore advantageousthan having gills,taking into accountdifferences in gasexchange media andgas exchange organsamong animals.arrow_forwardwhat are 2 factors that contribute to the efficiency of gas exchange in fish gills and why are they the most efficient respiratory organ?arrow_forward
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