Concept explainers
Complete the following concept map that summarizes some of the key ideas about energy.
To complete: The concept map that summarizes some of the key ideas about energy.
Introduction: Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformation that drives all activities of the universe. The system that does not exchange energy with its surroundings is known as a closed system. The system that exchanges energy with its surroundings is known as an open system. There are two laws of thermodynamics, namely the first law and the second law.
Answer to Problem 1IQ
Pictorial representation: Fig.1 shows the concept map that summarizes some of the key ideas about energy.
Fig.1: Concept map that summarizes some of the key ideas about energy.
Explanation of Solution
Energy is necessary for all living organisms to carry out their life processes. Living cells obtain energy in different forms, and they also have the mechanisms to convert the energy from one form to different forms. Energy is defined as the capability to do work. When work is done, energy is transferred from one form to another form, or between systems. Energy is generally expressed in units of work that is kilojoules (kJ). Energy can also be expressed in units of heat energy that is kilocalories (kcal).
Potential energy and kinetic energy are the two forms of energy. Potential is the energy of position or stored energy such as the arrangement of electrons in bonds between atoms. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion such as light and heat. A person pulling an arrow back on a bow and holding a baseball in the backswing are examples of potential energy. When the bowstring pushes the arrow toward its target and throwing a baseball are examples of kinetic energy.
Energy cannot be created and destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another. It can tend to spread or disperse until no part of the system has more than one part. Entropy is a measure of how much energy a particular system has dispersed. The entropy of the system increases on heat dispersal, as molecule tends to disperse. This is a measure of randomness.
The first law of thermodynamics states that “energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another form”. This law explains that organisms cannot produce energy; however, they constantly capture energy from their surrounding as open systems and covert this energy from one form to another form for biological work.
The second law of thermodynamics states that “no energy transfer is 100% efficient; some energy is dispersed as heat”. According to this law, entropy in the universe is continuously increasing. As the organisms are open systems, they maintain their ordered states over time with a constant energy input from their surroundings.
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Chapter 8 Solutions
Study Guide for Campbell Biology
- Which of the following statements is not correct? a. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. b. Energy cannot change from one form to another. c. Energy tends to disperse spontaneously. d. Energy can be transferred.arrow_forwardUse the following graph to diagram the energetics of a chemical reaction, with and without an enzyme. Be sure to position reactants and products at appropriate points and to indicate the stages in the reaction and the energy levels.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is TRUE regarding the second law of thermodynamics? The quality of the energy in the universe increases over time. The entropy of the universe is always increasing. Energy is conserved in the universe. The energy of the universe is always increasing. Entropy is conserved in the universe.arrow_forward
- Energy can be classified into both kinetic energy and potential energy. Which image best illustrates kinetic energy? A baseball in a pitcher's hand. A puck slides past a goalie. A book balances on someone's head. A boulder sits on a cliff. None of these. a. b. C. d. e. a d C barrow_forwardDefine the following terms: a. thermodynamics b. bioenergetics c. entropy d. enthalpy e. free energyarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is a lie? Select one: a. Chemical energy is the energy within chemical bonds. Energy is required for bonds to break while energy is released when bonds form. b. Exergonic chemical reactions release more energy than they absorb and the catabolism of the food in an energy bar serves as an example. c. The many forms of energy used up by cells comes from the breakdown of the chemical energy from the food we digest.arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements about exergonic chemical reaction is true? Choose only the best response. There is a release of energy due to the breakage of high-energy bonds in the products. There is a release of energy due to the breakage of high-energy bonds in the reactants. There is a release of energy because the energy needed to form new bonds in the products, is less than the energy released from breaking of bonds in the reactants. There is a release of energy because the energy needed to break bonds in the reactants, is less than the energy released when forming new bonds in the products.arrow_forwardThe relationship between the breakdown of macromolecules and the biosynthesis of macromolecules is most similar to the relationship between which of the following pairs of terms? - exergonic and endergonic - exergonic and spontaneous - work and free energy - free energy and entropyarrow_forwardWhich of the following statement(s) relating to energy is not true? a. it is the capacity to do work or put matter into motionb. kinetic energy results from movement of charged particlesc. potential energy is stored in chemical bondsd. energy conversion is efficient as it loses heate. none of the abovearrow_forward
- Which of the following defines the first law of thermodynamics? A. Energy cannot be created or destroyed B. The capacity to do work C. The energy stored in the arrangement of objects in a system D. Energy tends to disperse spontaneouslyarrow_forwardA reaction that requires the addition of energy is called why an reaction that releases energy is called Exergonic, endothermic Endergonic, exergonic Endergonic, endothermic Exergonic, endergonicarrow_forwardUse the following graph to diagram the energetics of a chemicalreaction, with and without an enzyme. Be sure to position reactantsand products at appropriate points and to indicate the stages in thereaction and the energy levels.arrow_forward
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