Assay Lab Report

The mole is a convenient unit for analyzing chemical reactions. Avogadro’s number is equal to the mole. The mass of a mole of any compound or element is the mass in grams that corresponds to the molecular formula, also known as the atomic mass. In this experiment, you will observe the reaction of iron nails with a solution of copper (II) chloride and determine the number of moles involved in the reaction. You will determine the number of moles of copper produced in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the number of moles of iron used up in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the ratio of moles of iron to moles of copper, and determine the number of atoms and formula units involved in

1. The time for the phenolphthalein to turn from pink to colourless will be taken using the stopwatch.

To perform this test, a tube of broth rich with glucose is acquired. In this tube is phenol red, a pH indicator. Initially, the tube appeared pink in color, indicating a normal pH level. Next, a sample of unknown #44 is introduced into this medium using the aseptic technique, and this is allowed to sit for several days. If the organism is able to ferment glucose, the pH in the medium would decrease and cause the phenol red to exhibit a yellow color. In addition to the straw color, gas can also be produced and trapped inside the Durham tube placed in the medium. This production of acid and gas is a direct result of the fermentation of glucose, as seen with unknown

In the method of continuous variations the total number of moles of reactants is kept constant for the series of measurements. Each measurement is made with a different mole ratio of reactants. A mole ratio is ratio between the amounts in moles of any two compounds involved in a chemical reaction. Mole ratios are used as conversion factors between products and reactants in many chemistry problems.

October 17, 18, and 19, samples were collected from multiple sites along the BSR. The class was split into groups, and samples were collected from seven separate locations along the river and WWTP. There was also a sample collected by the S which is located between sites four and five. For each of these sites, there were ten groups from other labs that also collected a sample from the BSR. At site two of the river, the location included multiple sources of possible contamination. A drainage site was located 200 yards upstream, along with a small PVC drainage pipe next to the collection site. Not only was there drainage running into the river, the site was under a bridge, and contained other trash scattered throughout the area. The

Purpose: is to determine the unknown bacteria with a variety of biochemical tests. There are many reasons that contribute to why it is so important to test patients for both high and low risks diseases. The most important reason would be to know the identity of microorganism and how it can be treated .This study was performed in microbiology laboratory class by applying the microorganism to the tests that have been performed in the class prior to the identification of the unknown. First, the lab professor handed out a bacteria that was on the unknown streak plate labeled B5 that consisted of an unknown gram positive or gram negative bacteria.

Richman, Jordan P. "Digestive system." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Science in Context. Web. 26 Oct. 2015.

The aspect of this system that was of particular interest to me was how complex process of digestion really is. It was interesting to learn about the specific enzymes involved with the metabolising of food. Saliva, produced and secreted by the salivary glands, contain enzymes such as, amylase responsible for the hydrolysis of starch into maltose and lipase which begin to break down fats. This will lead to the formation of food bolus that can be easily swallowed into the stomach, where gastric fluid is produced. This fluid is comprised of hydrochloride acid, which can then convert the precursor pepsinogen

In the stomach the bolus is mixed with gastric juices, which are secreted upon seeing, smelling or tasting food. The hormone that stimulates the secretion of the gastric juice is called gastrin, and it also stimulates intestinal motility and it relaxes the ileocecal valve. . There is also other enzyme such as serotonin, which stimulates gastric motility, histamine, which stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion, gut-brain peptides which control long and short-term appetite regulation as well as energy balance, and somatostatin which inhibits gastric secretion and motility, helps maintain the rate at which the stomach empties, signals the pancreas to release its juice, signals the secretion of bile and contraction of the gallbladder, and helps to reduce blood circulation and nutrient absorption in the small intestine . Once mixed with the gastric juices the bolus becomes a mixture called chyme. To create this mixture the stomach has to contract vigorously to mix the bolus with the gastric juices. In the stomach once chyme is formed it is no longer digested or broken down. The acid in the stomach, which is hydrochloric acid, is used to destroy bacteria; further breaking down food masses, the breakdown of proteins and some lipids, and it ultimately stops the digestion of carbohydrates because it stops the actions of the amylase in the saliva. This all occurs as the stomach is contracting to mix

The conditions have to be perfect for the specific enzymes to have the fastest rate of the

Background & Objectives: Digestive enzymes are present throughout the digestive system and are used to breakdown various macromolecules obtained from food. An enzymes activity is dependent upon the temperature and pH at which it is present. Enzymes work optimally at specific temperature and pH levels. The purpose of this lab is to examine various enzymes to determine which substrates they digest, and at which pH they work optimally.

This lab was conducted to learn about digestive enzymes and how they work to help break down particles. For the experiment 1(Starch/Amylase) we used 4 tubes and numbered them 1-4. We used another 4 test tubes and numbered them 1a-4a. For the test tube 1 we added 3.0ml of distilled water, tube 2 - we added 3.0ml of amylase, added 1 drop of hydrochloric acid to tube 3, boiled tube 4 until it was cloudy and added 5.0ml of cooked 1% starch to all four test tubes. We incubated all test tubes for and hour at 37 degrees Celsius water bath.

different organisms and its rate of enzyme activity is said to vary by the species, be it human catalase, or

 Attach copies of your experimental recordings showing the response of the ileum to the direct addition of noradrenaline and of acetylcholine to the tissue bath.

10. There are a few commercial uses for biochemical testing. In the medical field, biochemical testing can be used in order to help doctors or scientists diagnose some medical issues. For example, biochemical testing can be used to find out if there are certain proteins in a patient's bodily fluids.