2. Describe the role of each cofactor involved in the reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
Q: 6. Describe how acetyl-CoA forms based on the products of citrate metabolism in the cytosol NAD DUL
A: Acetyl-CoA is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions mainly in protein,…
Q: 4. Which of the following statements about the citric acid cycle is INCORRECT? A. It is a cyclic…
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Q: 1. Describe the common characteristic among the reactions catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH),…
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Q: 3) Describe "hub" molecule pyruvate that serves different pathways. Explain metabolic regulation…
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Q: 1. Deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is the disorder of which pathway? A. HMP shunt B.…
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Q: 7.) A liver extract is capable of carrying out all of the metabolic reactions invo gluconeogenesis.…
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Q: How does compromised pyruvate kinase activity lead to anemia?
A: "Since you have posted multiple question we will answer the first question for you. If you want any…
Q: Using your own diagram, illustrate the reactions that take place within the pyruvate dehydrogenase…
A: Hi! As you have posted multiple questions, I will be answering the first question for you. If you…
Q: 4. Explain, giving examples, what is meant by the statement that the citric acid cycle is…
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Q: 2. (a) List the number of NADH and FADH2 equivalents formed and the corresponding number of ATP…
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Q: 1. How many ATP is produced in one molecule of glucose that undergo glycolysis plus oxidation of…
A: Glycolysis is the process in which one mole of glucose undergoes oxidation to form two moles of…
Q: 8. For each reaction listed below, indicate the appropriate enzyme(s) in the pyruvate dehydrogenase…
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Q: Which stage of aerobic respiration is acetyl CoA produced?
A: All together for pyruvate, the result of glycolysis, to enter the following pathway, it should go…
Q: main features on citric acid cycle
A: Tricarboxylic acid cycle is named for Hans Adolf Krebs, a German scientist. The primary role of TCA…
Q: 5. Using the names of all metabolic intermediates, outline the process of ethanol fermentation…
A: Ethanol fermentation is a complex biological process during where yeasts converts sugar such as…
Q: 4. How does compromised pyruvate kinase activity lead to anemia ?
A: Anemia is a disorder in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells to transport…
Q: 3. Describe the allosteric regulation of allosteric activation of the a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase…
A: *Allosteric regulation is the regulation of an enzyme by binding effector molecule other than the…
Q: 4. How are fatty acids catabolised to CO2? Write down all the four steps of beta oxidation providing…
A: Fatty acids are catabolized by the beta oxidation. Beta oxidation is the sequential removal of two…
Q: 9. Describe the role of the following coenzymes in metabolism
A: Coenzyme A is a coenzyme containing pantothenic acid, adenosine 3-phosphate 5-pyrophosphate, and…
Q: 10. What is the energy yield in ATP molecules associated with cach of the following: a. Glucose > 2…
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Q: 6. Fill in the following blanks for how many of the following products would be generated under…
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Q: 4. What is the redox number of the starting compound? How many redox reactions occur during pyruvate…
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Q: 3. The overall result of glycolysis can be summarized by the equation on the right in which the…
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Q: 2. Draw the reactions catabolizing the amino acid valine into isobutryl-CoA, specifically one…
A:
Q: 5. Explain the metabolic fate of pyruvate.
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Q: 1. Describe the process of oxidative phosphorylation (how the electrons from sugar are used to…
A: As you have asked two questions, we are instructed to answer only one. lLease repost the question…
Q: 3. Explain why the set of reactions catalyzed by PDC are highly exergonic. Specifically, why is the…
A: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC) is involved in the process of oxidative decarboxylation.
Q: 2. Write the over-all reaction of the citric acid cycle. 3. What makes the first step of the cycle,…
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Q: 1.Enumerate the enzymes of the alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and write its mechanism of…
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Q: 10. Which pathway leads to the formation of dicarboxylic acids as an end product? A. Beta-oxidation…
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Q: 1.a. Given what you know about glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, does it make sense that insulin…
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Q: 5. This question is about unsaturated fatty acid catabolism (B-oxidation). Compare and contrast how…
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Q: 1. Write the net biochemical equation for the metabolism of a molecule of glucose by glycolysis and…
A: 1. All cells require energy (ATP) to carry out various cellular processes, such as active transport,…
Q: 4. If lots of acetyl-CoA is being formed in the mitochondrial matrix, a particular compound will be…
A: Thank you for the question a.What compound is this? Answer := The compound produced is Citrate…
Q: 6. What molecule enters the Krebs cycle when using fatty acids or glucose as an energy source? a.…
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Q: 12. give one metabolic intermediate that is released as pyruvate is oxidizes by the pyruvate…
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Q: 2. Why are some enzymes needed only in the gluconeogenesis pathway and not in the glycolysis…
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Q: 1. Why is it that Individuals with thiamin deficiency have high levels of pyruvate in their blood?
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Q: How is acetyl coA carboxylase being regulated?
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Q: 3. Explain, in a few sentences, how a cell would make a 16-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid.…
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Q: 9. The main purpose of fermentation is to regenerate NAD+/NADH (circle one) by the reduction of…
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Nucleotides
It is an organic molecule made up of three basic components- a nitrogenous base, phosphate,and pentose sugar. The nucleotides are important for metabolic reactions andthe formation of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are essential biomolecules present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and viruses. They carry the genetic information for the synthesis of proteins and cellular replication. The nucleic acids are of two types: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The structure of all proteins and ultimately every biomolecule and cellular component is a product of information encoded in the sequence of nucleic acids. Parts of a DNA molecule containing the information needed to synthesize a protein or an RNA are genes. Nucleic acids can store and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next, fundamental to any life form.
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- 10. Glycogen, as the main storage form of glucosc, is an important energy reservoir. Describe the role of glycogen in providing the body with energy. To answer: a) write a scheme for glycogen mobilization, and oxidation of the end product to CO, and H,O; b) mark the reactions associated with ATP synthesis and ATP consumption in the scheme, calculate the oxidation energy yield of I mole of the final product resulting from glycogen breakdown; 1L An unconscious man with sions of alcobol poisonino was taken to the hosnital11. Write the mechanism of all three enzymatic steps of the a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, indicating which steps occur in which enzyme (E1, E2, E3) active sites.5. Gout can be caused by superactivation of PRPP synthase, or partial deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase. Why the change in these enzyme activities can induce the development of this disorder? For the answer: a) write down the scheme of the reactions catalyzed by these enzymes;b) specify metabolic pathways these reactions take part in; c) answer the main question of the problem.
- 5. There is reciprocal regulation of glycolytic and gluconeogenic reactions interconverting fructose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Which one of the following statements about this regulation is not correct? FGP A) Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activates phosphofructokinase-1. Gen inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. reaction is exergonic. ATP F16BP BOLALA The fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase D) The phosphofructokinase-1 reaction is endergonic. This regulation allows control of the direction of net metabolite flow through the pathway.1. Write the net biochemical equation for the metabolism of a molecule of glucose by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, including all cofactors.2. Regarding the glycolysis metabolic pathways covered in class: A. In the EMP metabolic pathway, what chemical is produced by anabolism of pyruvate? (1 step away) B. There are two products of step 4 in the EMP pathway. If they were not phosphorylated, how would you describe these as monosaccharides (for example, an aldohexose and a ketopentose)? C. In the TCA Cycle, what chemical is produced by catabolism of isocitrate? (1 step away) D. Describe the major differences between primary, secondary and partial oxidation metabolism in terms of (i) cell growth rate, (ii) oxygen consumption rate, and (iii) products formed.
- 2. Draw the reactions catabolizing the amino acid valine into isobutryl-CoA, specifically one transamination reaction (for which you do not need to show the mechanism) and one dehydrogenation reaction (which is analogous to the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction mechanism, and for which you need to show the mechanism using arrow pushing and including the relevant cofactors). Note: Beyond the importance of these reactions for human health, this pathway is used industrially in the production of isobutanol, an important biofuel. NH3 SCOA valine isobutyryl-CoA33. Which of the following statements is true for the shown reaction? P-O-CH₂ P-O-CH₂ OH A Coo I C=O HOTHS CH₂ Coo A HỌ он D A. The reaction is catalyzed by PFK-1 B. Stimulation of the reaction eventually slows down gluconeogenesis C. Inhibition of glyceraldehyde 3-phopshate dehydrogenase leads to the accumulation of the product B D. All of the above E. None of the above OH 34. Which of the following statements is true for the shown reaction? COO™ CH₂OH HQ -℗ B CH₂ B C-o-℗ + CO₂ A. Insulin can eventually inhibit the reaction B. The reaction only take place in the presence of acetyl-CoA C. The product B is a high-energy molecule, and the next logical step is to use the energy released from B to synthesize ATP D. All of above E. None of the above26. These catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, e.g. pyruvate dehydrogenase, catalysing the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A. a. oxidoreductases b. transferases c. hydrolases d. ligases 27. These catalyze transferring of the chemical group from one to another compound. An example is a transaminase, which transfers an amino group from one molecule to another. a. oxidoreduUctases b. transferases c. hydrolases d. ligases 28. They catalyze the hydrolysis of a bond. For example, the enzyme pepsin hydrolyzes peptide bonds in proteins. a. oxidoreductases b. transferases c. hydrolases d. ligases 29. Catalyze the association of two molecules. For example, DNA ligase catalyzes the joining of two fragments of DNA by forming a phosphodiester bond. a. oxidoreductases b. transferases c. hydrolases d. ligases 30. It is the loss of electrons, gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen. a. reduction b. temperature C. substrate concentration d. oxidation
- 1. There are two metabolic routes for the conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). What factors likely indicate which route is used? Do the two routes have different requirements for cellular energy (e.g. ATP)? 2. Compare the export of glucose from hepatocytes to the import into hepatocytes. 3. Would you expect anaplerotic reactions to be active in the postprandial hepatocyte? Why?1. Explain the Chemiosmotic theory with regard to ATP generation in oxidative phosphorylation. 2. Explain how Phosphorylase activation differs between the liver and the muscle. What is the role of Epinephrine in Glycogen metabolism. 3. List all the materials required for beta-oxidation of cholesterol from six-carbon intermediate Mevalonate.1. The first step in the payoff phase of glycolysis is catalyzed by the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that contains a nucleophilic cysteine playing a central role in the reaction. A) In the direction of gluconeogenesis, what reaction does this enzyme catalyze? AG° = -6.3 kcal/mol for this reaction in the direction of gluconeogenesis. Based on what you know about the substrates involved, provide two chemical reasons as to why the AGO of this reaction is negative.