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- 8. In patients with diabetes mellitus type I, the biochemical disorders result from changes in fucl metabolism. One of these signs is acidosis. Explain why such patients have a deviation of blood pH from the norm? For this me the Ocuics, name d) specify the hormone that accelerates this preeursor formation and provide appropriate charts, starting from the hormone binding to adipocyte and concluding with precursor formation, give an explanation to the charts.1.a. Given what you know about glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, does it make sense that insulin activates PDH phosphatase? Why? b.How do vitamins increase to the breadth of chemical reactions available within a biological system?1. Draw a detailed labelled diagram and discuss the hormonal (epinephrine orglucagon) regulation of glycogen phosphorylase. 2. Provide your own diagrammatic representation for the entry of any TWOcarbohydrates: mannose or lactose or sucrose or glycerol into the glycolyticpathway
- 26. Which of the following statements is correct? A. Insulin can activate pyruvate carboxylase B. More energy in the form of ATP is required to synthesize glucose from pyruvate than can be obtained from glucose by glycolysis alone C. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is a modulator that can stimulate either glycolysis or gluconeogenesis, depending on cellular glucose concentration D. All of the above6. A. List all of the ionizable functional groups that are found in insulin when in aqueous solution. List which amino acid residues have these ionizable groups and list all of the pka and pKb values (including the R groups) that are on both polypeptide chains that make up insulin. (see the table at the end of this HW set; note that tyrosine and cysteine both have unusual pka's, since these side groups ionize above the pKR's given to have a negative charge). B. The isoelectric point of insulin is reported to be around 5.3-5.35. Using the method covered in class, estimate the isoelectric point of insulin and compare your answer to the values above. C. For a polypeptide to be soluble in an aqueous solution, is it good to be near the isoelectric point? Why or why not? Notes: a couple of unusual R group's that ionize (cysteine and tyrosine have R groups that have pka values; histidine has a pkb). The table at the end of this homework set (also in the lecture notes) lists the pka's and…1. The second high energy intermediate metabolite of glycolysis that can be used for substrate level phosphorylation is also a precursor molecule for the synthesis of several amino acids. Name 5 of these amino acids. 2. Explain the indirect effect that allosteric effectors have on pyruvate dehydrogenase activity through phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of components within the PDH-complex.
- 3. Which tissues can synthesize glucose through the gluconeogenesis pathway? Explain the reason.7. Which of the following statements about gluconeogenesis is CORRECT? Select one: a. Glucose-6-phosphatase hydrolyzes glucose 6-phosphate to release glucose into the blood. b. Glucose-6-phosphatase hydrolyzes glucose 6-phosphate and is found in liver and muscle. c. Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into fructose-1-phosphate. d. Pyruvate is first converted to phosphoenolpyruvate by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.1. Discuss why a saturated fatty acid like lauric acid has a good anti-oxidant property. 2. Why are the essential fatty acid associated with low incidence of heart disease? Cite some clinical signs of essential fatty acid deficiency. 3. Explain how aspirin can block the synthesis of prostaglandins?
- 1.Enumerate the enzymes of the alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and write its mechanism of action3. Calculate the ATP that is produced when linoleic acid (9,12-octadecadienoic acid; 18:2) is (a) oxidized to CO2 and H20 or (b) converted to the ketone body acetoacetate in the liver and then oxidized to CO2 and H20 in the peripheral tissues. 4. Explain the role of AMP-dependent protein kinase in regulating fatty acid metabolism. What are the ways hormonal control of fatty acid metabolism works between fed and fasted states? Please draw by hand/digitally, schematics showing this regulation in adipose tissue, muscle and liver.WA 82. Regulation of cellular metabolism by insulin requires activation of the insulin-receptor substrate protein-1 (IRS1). Some individuals who have type 2 diabetes mellitus have mutations in the IRS1 gene. Which of the following normal steps in insulin signaling is most likely to be impaired by these mutations? A) Cleavage of IRS1 by the insulin receptor B) Phosphorylation of IRS1 by the insulin receptor C) Production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate by IRS1 D) Stimulation of a G protein by IRS1 E) Synthesis of diacylglycerol by IRS1