An individual received an effective dose of 1 mSv. If the risk of fatal cancer from this exposure -1 was (1 x 10) Sv what would be the risk of developing fatal cancer from this exposure?
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- Using conversion factors, solve each of the following clinicalproblems:a. A nurse practitioner prepares an injection of promethazine,an antihistamine used to treat allergic rhinitis. If thestock bottle is labeled 25 mg /mL and the order is a doseof 12.5 mg, how many milliliters will the nurse draw up inthe syringe?b. You are to give ampicillin 25 mg/kg to a child with a massof 62 lb. If stock on hand is 250 mg /capsule, how manycapsules should be given?Suppose a city’s water supply has 0.2 ppb (1ppb=10-3 mg/L) of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in it. Using the PCB oral slope factor (7.7 (mg/kg-d)-1 and the EPA recommended exposure factors given in Table 6.14 below, (a) What would be the individual lifetime cancer risk for an adult male residential consumer?(b) In a city of 1 million people, use this risk assessment to estimate the number of extra cancers per year caused by the PCBs in the water supply. “Extra” cancers refers to cancers caused by PCBs (as opposed to other causes such as smoking, etc.)(c) Assume the average cancer death rate in the United States in 193 per 100,000 per year. How many cancer deaths would be expected in a city of 1 million? Do you think the incremental cancers caused by PCBs in the drinking water would be detectable?A cancerous tumour is exposed to an A-emitter with an RBE of 12. What absorbed dose, in Gy, is needed to give the tumour an effective dose of 60 Sv? Report your final answer rounded to two significant digits.
- Question 8 a) Explain what is meant by "somatic effects" of radiation exposure. b) Explain how the somatic effects of radiation may vary with the level of exposure an individual receives. c) Explain what is meant by "hereditary effects" of radiation exposure. [Suggested word count 200] [3.2] Mr. Yeboah, diagnosed with a malignant tumour of the liver had it removed and was given a course of chemotherapy. Initially, tumour marker (AFP) activity activity was 7500KU/L (which is very high) but after treatment, this gradually declined to only 5KU/L. A routine follow up test was perfomedafter 3 months and the results was 15KU/L for AFP. The doctor suspected a relapse of the tumour and so referred Mr. Yeboahto an oncologist at a cancer centre who also did a re-check. AFP was recorded to be 5KU/L. Enquiries revealed that the hospital and the cancer centre use different instruments for the measurement of AFP. Both results are normal even though the values are significantly different because different methods were used.a) How can both labs confirm that the results are not clinically significant? b) How can both labs avoid this happening again?A cat presents with suspected acute, severe sepsis. The veterinarian asks you to draw up a dose of IV gentamicin. The dosage for a cat with acute sepsis is 2.2 mg/kg. Calculate the dose for an 8-lb cat. The concentration of gentamicin is 50 mg/ml. Show me your calculation Please note that: 1Kg= 2.2 lb
- Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a protein biomarker related to colon cancer. Its concentration is known to be about 20 ng/mL in healthy people and higher than 2.5 µg/mL in the patients. The molecular weight of CEA is 180 kDa. What would be the molar concentrations (M or mole/liter) of 20 ng/mL and 2.5 ug/mL, respectively?A hospital pharmacy has available 2-mL prefilled syringes containing 80 mg of tobramycin and 1.5-mL prefilled syringes containing 60 mg of tobramycin. The syringes are calibrated in 0.25-mL units. Explain how you would prepare a medication order calling for 110 mg of tobramycin to be added to 100 mL of D5W for intravenous infusion.During a mass spectrometry experiment, the spectrum of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) was acquired. The absolute error of VEGF-A, having a mass of 1024.5210 Da was 0.06 Da. Calculate the relative error (ppm).
- The drug dosage for the patient is calculated using a BSA of 1.9m2. If the order is 15mg per m2, how many milligrams is the desired dose?A chest x-ray exposes you to roughly 40 millirems of radiation. How many chest x- rays would you need to get in order to increase your lifetime risk of cancer by approximately 1%? 6. 62 625 6250Your 67 YO 195lb, 5ft 10in male patient diagnosed with testicular cancer has been prescribed ifosfamide 1200mg/M2/day IV for 5 days. You calculate the BSA using the mosteller method as being 2.09m2. Ifosfamide is available in 60mL vials contianing 3g of drug. a) How many mL will you administer each day?