Several of the enzymes of glycolysis fall into classes that What reaction participate in many other metabolic pathways. types are catalyzed by each of the following: a) b) d) kinases isomerases dehyrogenases
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- #1 Specify the role each of the following amino acids play within the crystal structure and/or active site for Be as specific as possible, with pictures (and mechanistic arrows) as necessary. His11 Arg140 Glu89 Trp68 #2 Provide a step-wise mechanism for the reaction Bisphosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes, using the amino acids responsible for aiding in catalysis. You do not need to add surrounding amino acids that aid in substrate specificity. (drawn out)The clinical signs of two types of galactosemia—galactokinase deficiency or UDPglucose: galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase deficiency—are markedly different. Although both forms cause gastrointestinal pain after drinking milk, transferase deficiency also causes liver, kidney, spleen, and brain malfunction, as well as mortality. With each kind of enzyme shortage, what products accumulate in the blood and tissues? Estimate the relative toxicity of these goods based on the information provided above.what cell types are Hexokinase I and Hexokinase IV found? Explain 2 additional differences (in addition to cell-type specificity) that exist between these two isoenzymes.
- 19 acetyl-CoA-ACP transacylase catalyses the committed step in fatty acid biosynthesis true or false?The clinical symptoms of two forms of galactosemia—deficiency of galactokinase or of UDPglucose: galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase—show radically different severity. Although both types produce gastric discomfort after milk ingestion, deficiency of the transferase also leads to liver, kidney, spleen, and brain dysfunction and eventual death. What products accumulate in the blood and tissues with each type of enzyme deficiency? Estimate the relative toxicities of these products from the above information.Lactate dehydrogenase is a tetramer of MW 134000 g/mole composed of subunits which are equal in size. It is found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Describe the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of lactate dehydrogenase.
- Phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM) catalyzes the interconversion of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) and 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG) in the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. a) To what enzyme class does PGM belong? b) There are two distinct classes of PGM, one which is dependent on 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG), dPGM, and one which is not, iPGM. dPGM uses acid base chemistry and a phosphorylated histidine residue to interconvert 3PG and 2PG. The dPGM reaction proceeds with formation of 2,3-BPG as an intermediate. Propose a mechanism for the dPGM-catalyzed conversion of 3PG to 2PG that is consistent with this information. c) What is the purpose of 2,3-BPG (i.e., why does dPGM require it)?How does citrate from the citric acid cycle affect glycolysis?Consider the following interconversion, which occurs in glycolysis :(a) What is ΔG′° for the reaction ( K'eq measured at 25 °C)?(b) If the concentration of fructose 6-phosphate is adjusted to 1.5 M and that of glucose 6-phosphate is adjusted to 0.50 M, what is ΔG?(c) Why are ΔG′° and ΔG different?
- Why is gluconeogenesis labeled as enzymatic by-pass reactions?What biochemical alterations facilitate the switch to aerobic glycolysis?B-"3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA" is a common metabolite in two pathways, mention the names of these two pathways? What determine which pathway this metabolite follows?|
