Q: What is meant by hypo and hypercalciuria ?
A: Calcium is a mineral found in the human body. It is involved in the formation of bones and teeth,…
Q: What are the pigments usually in urine? How are these pigments formed?
A: Urine is excreted out of the body; it is formed in the kidneys. The normal volume of urine in 24…
Q: What is it called when blood pH is below what it should be?
A: pH - It is defined as the concentration of hydrogen ion. If pH is 7, then it will be a neutral…
Q: What diets and pathologic conditions may affect the pH of urine? How?
A:
Q: What two chemicals are altered in metabolic acid-base disturbances?
A: It is controlled or kept in balance by the lungs, kidney and the buffer systems. Acidosis is a…
Q: What is the basic flow of urine from the kidneys to being excreted?
A: The excretory framework is an uninvolved natural framework that eliminates overabundance, pointless…
Q: Which of the basic renal processes apply to potassium?
A: The excretory framework is a detached natural framework that eliminates overabundance, superfluous…
Q: What is the normal composition of urine?
A: Step 1 Urine is transparent, pale yellow (due to urochrome, a breakdown product of hemoglobin) but…
Q: What constituent of urine tends to precipitate in acidic urine? h. What substance precipitates when…
A: Urin: Urin is a liquid waste material formed as a result of kidney filtration in various organisms.…
Q: How is uric acid formed? What is the significance of abnormally high concentration of uric acid in…
A: Uric acid is a primary nitrogeneous waste in case of birds, reptiles. It is comparably less toxic…
Q: What role does urea have in tubular reabsorption?
A: Tubular reabsorption is the movement of substances from filtrate into the blood. Substances are…
Q: What is the net result of the renal response to alkalosis?
A: Response to alkalosis: Low H+ concentration. There is inadequate secretion of H+ to reabsorb all the…
Q: What is the process that occurs when all of the filtered bicarbonate has been reabsorbed?
A: This process occur in the kidneys.
Q: What other organisms express carbonic anhydrase?
A: Enzymes are protein molecules which acts as a catalyst and speed up the reaction when they act on…
Q: What is the net result of the renal response to acidosis?
A: Metabolic acidosis is a common clinical condition that is characterized by reduced blood pH and…
Q: Explain the Reabsorption of Salt ?
A: Salt reabsorption can be defined as the process in which sodium ions and chloride ions are…
Q: What is the arterial PCO2 in metabolic acidosis or alkalosis?
A: Anatomy and physiology are the branches of biology, anatomy deals with the study of the structure of…
Q: What are the components of the phosphate and protein buffer systems?
A: The buffer systems act in blood plasma consisting phosphate, bicarbonate,carbonic acid and plasma…
Q: Which reaction does the enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyze?
A: The enzyme carbonic anhydrase balances the blood’s pH and helps in the expiration of carbon dioxide…
Q: What is obligatory water reabsorption?
A: Answer: Introduction: Reabsorption of water occur in the DCT- distal convoluted tubule and…
Q: What is the effect of vasopressin on the renal tubules?
A: Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone is a type of peptide hormone formed in hypothalamus.
Q: What are the two mechanisms by which kidneys help maintain blood pH?
A: The kidneys help keep up the equilibrium by discharging hydrogen ions into the pee and re-consuming…
Q: How do the kidneys respond to the presence of acidosis or alkalosis?
A: Kidneys have two main ways to maintain acid base balance their cells reabsorb bicarbonate HCO3 -…
Q: What happens when bicarbonate ions enter the nephron?
A: BASIC INFORMATION KIDNEY It is a paired organ present in our body. It helps the body to get rid of…
Q: How does angiotensin-II help to restore fluid balance when a person is dehydrated?
A: The relation between the total amount of water entering the organism through the ingestion of…
Q: What is removal of uric acid called?
A: Protein metabolism in the body often results in the accumulation of nitrogenous wastes. These…
Q: What are the differences between osmotic thirst and hypovolemic thirst?
A: The meaning of THIRST is a sensation of dryness in the mouth and throat associated with a desire for…
Q: What is the role of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase?
A: The enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the interconversion of carbon dioxide and carbonic acid ,it…
Q: What are the Common Causes of Metabolic Acidosis?
A: METABOLIC ACIDOSIS It is a condition in which there is too much acid in the body fluids. It is a…
Q: How does a compensated acid-base disturbance differ from an uncompensated acid-base imbalance?
A:
Q: Why is glucose normally absent from the urine?
A: Urine is a fluid result of digestion in people and in numerous different creatures. Urine streams…
Q: Give the factors affecting the volume of urine in normal physiological condition. How does each…
A: There are 3 major steps in urine formation; filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. During…
Q: Which two abnormalities in plasma are key features of an uncompensated metabolic alkalosis? An…
A: Key features of an uncompensated metabolic alkalosis are an increase in blood pH and an increase in…
Q: The relationship between ADH and the tubular re-absorbtion of water?
A: Nephron is the functional subunit of the kidney. It is involved in the formation of urine.
Q: What is acidosis? What are the symptoms and negative health effects of acidosis, and how can it be…
A: Blood is a fluid connective tissue that supplies nutrients and oxygen to all tissues and organs.…
Q: How is uric acid formed?
A: Uric acid It is a heterocyclic compound. Its chemical formula is C5H4N4O3 In normal conditions,…
Q: How does renal compensation affect blood plasma levels of HCO3– ? How does respiratory compensation…
A: Renal compensation Renal compensation is a regulatory mechanism in which the pH of the plasma is…
Q: How does, the renal system play an important role in maintaining a normal acid-base balance?
A: Acid-balance maintenance is essential for the regular functioning of biological systems because…
Q: What is Metabolic Acidosis?
A: Our body maintains H+ concentrations in a narrow limit. Acid-base disorders are pathological changes…
Q: What are the physiological implications of excreting waste nitrogen in the form of urate, urea, or…
A: Nitrogenous waste is excreted in different forms with the help of different species. This will…
Q: Why is glucose present in pathological urine? What does the presence of glucose indicate?
A: Glucose metabolism includes glycolysis in which glucose molecules are converted to 2 molecules…
What are the two types of carbonic anhydrase found in the kidney?
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- What are some of the tissues that carbonic anhydrase is expressed in?what is the significance of ketone and glucose on pathological constituents when present in urine?Given: For urea, the rate of excretion equals to the GFR times the urea concentration in plasma. (A) If the urea concentration in plasma is 4.5 mmol/l, what GFR (in l/day) would correspond to an excretion rate of 450 mmol/day. (B) If the urea clearance is 70 ml/min and the GFR is 125 ml/min, what fraction of urea is being reabsorbed. (answer A and B)
- If only a very small amount of urea were present in the interstitial fluid of the kidney instead of its normal concentration, how would it affect the kidney's ability to concentrate urine? asapWhat is the most abundant nitrogenous waste in the urine?What terms describe an abnormally high level of this waste in the blood, and poisoning by this waste?One type of diuretic given to people with high blood pressure, renal disease and congestive heart failure are thiazide-type diuretics. These drugs inhibit sodium ion reabsorption by inhibiting the transport in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. A) What does it mean to inhibit the transport of sodium ions in the loop of Henle? B) Explain how this inhibition of sodium ions in the loop of Henle could help increase urine production.