Introduction to Algorithms
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780262033848
Author: Thomas H. Cormen, Ronald L. Rivest, Charles E. Leiserson, Clifford Stein
Publisher: MIT Press
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Chapter 21.4, Problem 4E
Program Plan Intro
To provide simple proof on a disjoint set forest with union by rank but without path compression run in
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Kruskal's algorithm can return different spanning trees for the input Graph G.Show that for every minimal spanning tree T of G, there is an execution of the algorithm that gives T as a result.
How can i do that?
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Let G = (V, E) be a connected, undirected graph, and let s be a fixed vertex in G. Let TB be the spanning tree of G found by a bread first search starting from s, and similarly TD the spanning tree found by depth first search, also starting at s. (As in problem 1, these trees are just sets of edges; the order in which they were traversed by the respective algorithms is irrelevant.) Using facts, prove that TB = TD if and only if TB = TD = E, i.e., G is itself a tree.
Let G be a graph, where each edge has a weight.
A spanning tree is a set of edges that connects all the vertices together, so that there exists a path between any pair of
vertices in the graph.
A minimum-weight spanning tree is a spanning tree whose sum of edge weights is as small as possible.
Last week we saw how Kruskal's Algorithm can be applied to any graph to generate a minimum-weight spanning tree.
In this question, you will apply Prim's Algorithm on the same graph from the previous quiz.
You must start with vertex A.
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There are nine edges in the spanning tree produced by Prim's Algorithm, including AB, BC, and IJ.
Determine the exact order in which these nine edges are added to form the minimum-weight spanning tree.
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- We recollect that Kruskal's Algorithm is used to find the minimum spanning tree in a weighted graph. Given a weighted undirected graph G = (V , E, W), with n vertices/nodes, the algorithm will first sort the edges in E according to their weights. It will then select (n-1) edges with smallest weights that do not form a cycle. (A cycle in a graph is a path along the edges of a graph that starts at a node and ends at the same node after visiting at least one other node and not traversing any of the edges more than once.) Use Kruskal's Algorithm to nd the weight of the minimum spanning tree for the following graph.arrow_forwardKruskal's method may generate multiple spanning trees for the same input graph G depending on how it breaks ties when the edges are sorted into order. Show that for any least spanning tree T of G , there is a technique to arrange the edges of G in Kruskal's algorithm such that the algorithm produces T .arrow_forwardWe are given a simple connected undirected graph G = (V, E) with edge costs c : E → R+. We would like to find a spanning binary tree T rooted a given node r ∈ T such that T has minimum weight. Consider the following modifiedPrim algorithm that works similar to Prim’s MST algorithm: We maintain a tree T (initially set to be r by itself) and in each iteration of the algorithm, we grow T by attaching a new node T in the cheapest possible way such that we do not violate the binary constraint; if it is not possible to grow the tree, we declare the instance to be infeasible.1: function modifiedPrim(G=(V, E), r)2: T ← {r}3: while |T| < |V| do4: S ← {u ∈ V : u ∈ T and |children(u)| < 2}5: R ← {u ∈ V : u ∈/ T}6: if ∃ (u, v) ∈ E with u ∈ S and v ∈ R then7: let (u, v) be the minimum cost such edge8: Add (u, v) to T9: else10: return infeasible11: return THow would you either prove the correctness of modifiedPrim or provide a counter-example where it fails to return the correct answer.arrow_forward
- The Triangle Vertex Deletion problem is defined as follows: Given: an undirected graph G = (V, E) , with IVI=n, and an integer k>= 0. Is there a set of at most k vertices in G whose deletion results in deleting all triangles in G? (a) Give a simple recursive backtracking algorithm that runs in O(3^k * ( p(n))) where p(n) is a low-degree polynomial corresponding to the time needed to determine whether a certain vertex belongs to a triangle in G. (b) Selecting a vertex that belong to two different triangles can result in a better algorithm. Using this idea, provide an improved algorithm whose running time is O((2.562^n) * p(n)) where 2.652 is the positive root of the equation x^2=x+4arrow_forwardL = {w ∈ {a, b}∗ | the length of w is a multiple of 3 and w contains more a’s than b’s}. Use Myhill-Nerode to prove that L is not regular.arrow_forwardGiven an undirected weighted graph G with n nodes and m edges, and we have used Prim’s algorithm to construct a minimum spanning tree T. Suppose the weight of one of the tree edge ((u, v) ∈ T) is changed from w to w′, design an algorithm to verify whether T is still a minimum spanning tree. Your algorithm should run in O(m) time, and explain why your algorithm is correct. You can assume all the weights are distinct. (Hint: When an edge is removed, nodes of T will break into two groups. Which edge should we choose in the cut of these two groups?)arrow_forward
- In the last homework, we gave an algorithm to check whether a graph has a triangle in anundirected graph in O(n2 +nm) time, which is Θ(n3) when the graph is dense. Show how given a graph G in adjacency matrix representation, it is possible to use Strassen's matrix multiplication algorithm to determine if the graph has a triangle in time o(n3). (You can use the algorithmwithout description or proof, but you must explain connection to the existence of a triangle in the graph).arrow_forwardRequired information NOTE: This is a multi-part question. Once an answer is submitted, you will be unable to return to this part. Consider the bipartite graph Km.n- Find the values of mand n if Km n has an Euler path. (Check all that apply.) Check All That Apply Km,n has an Euler path when both mand n are even. Km,n has an Euler path when both mand n are odd. Km, n has an Euler path if m=2 and n is odd. Km, n has an Euler path if n= 2 and m is odd. Km, n has an Euler path when m= n=1.arrow_forwardadgis s o (6): = min { d(v) Ive V3 is the minimum degree of G. 0612 Z9Nto JJ V PO Go is called K-connected if IGI>K and GIX is connected for every set x CV with 1X1arrow_forwardPlease Answer this in Python language: You're given a simple undirected graph G with N vertices and M edges. You have to assign, to each vertex i, a number C; such that 1 ≤ C; ≤ N and Vi‡j, C; ‡ Cj. For any such assignment, we define D; to be the number of neighbours j of i such that C; < C₁. You want to minimise maai[1..N) Di - mini[1..N) Di. Output the minimum possible value of this expression for a valid assignment as described above, and also print the corresponding assignment. Note: The given graph need not be connected. • If there are multiple possible assignments, output anyone. • Since the input is large, prefer using fast input-output methods. Input 1 57 12 13 14 23 24 25 35 Output 2 43251 Qarrow_forwardP R O B L E M D E S C R I P T I O N :1. As described in the reading and lecture, an adjacency matrix for a graph with n verticesnumber 0, 1, …, n – 1 is an n by n array matrix such that matrix[i][j] is 1 (or true) ifthere is an edge from vertex i to vertex j, and 0 (or false) otherwise.2. In this assignment, you will implement the methods identified in the stub code below insupport of the Graph ADT that uses an adjacency matrix to represent an undirected,unweighted graph with no self-loops.import java.util.*; // for all needed JCF classespublic class Graph { private int[][] matrix;// the adjacency matrix of the graph. // Creates an n x n array with all values initialized to 0. public Graph(int n) {// your code here } // end constructor // This method returns the number of nodes in the graph. public int getNumVertices() {// your code here } // end getNumVertices // This method returns the number of edges in the graph. public int getNumEdges() {// your code here } // end getNumEdges //…arrow_forwardLet G be a directed acyclic graph. You would like to know if graph G contains directed path that goes through every vertex exactly once. Give an algorithm that tests this property. Provide justification of the correctness and analyze running time complexity of your algorithm. Your algorithm must have a running time in O(|V | + |E|). Detailed pseudocode is required.arrow_forwardarrow_back_iosSEE MORE QUESTIONSarrow_forward_ios
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