Principles of Biology
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781259875120
Author: Robert Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier Dr., Linda Graham Dr. Ph.D., Peter Stiling Dr. Ph.D.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 23, Problem 2TY
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When you interpret a Gram-stained smear, you should also describe the morphology (shape) of the cells, and their arrangement. In the figure below, there are two distinct types of bacteria, distinguishable by Gram stain reaction, and also by their shape and arrangement. Below, describe these characteristics for both bacteria:
Gram positive bacterium
Gram negative bacterium
Morphology
cocci
bacillus
Arrangement
The techniques for identifying unknown bacteria can be summarized in three key steps, explain in your own words how to:
Staining the unknown for initial characterization by microscopy.
Using a dichotomous key strategy to systematically rule out other organisms.
Testing the organism for key biochemical traits.
A microbiologist is working with a pure strain of bacteria isolated from a mixed sample. Which of the following would indicate that the bacterium is NOT Streptococcus mutans?
Cells are arranged in chains.
Secretes acids produced from metabolism of sucrose.
Cells are cocci.
Can grow in biofilms.
Cells stain Gram negative.
Chapter 23 Solutions
Principles of Biology
Ch. 23.1 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 23.1 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 23.2 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 23.2 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 23.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 23.3 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 23.3 - What essential role did early alphaproteobacteria...Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 23.4 - Which structure is associated with motility in one...Ch. 23.5 - In which of the hosts does sexual mating of P....
Ch. 23.5 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 23.6 - Prob. 1CCCh. 23.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 23.6 - Prob. 1BCCh. 23.6 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 23.7 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 23 - Prob. 1TYCh. 23 - Prob. 2TYCh. 23 - Prob. 3TYCh. 23 - Prob. 4TYCh. 23 - Prob. 5TYCh. 23 - The protists most closely related to the fungal,...Ch. 23 - Prob. 7TYCh. 23 - Prob. 8TYCh. 23 - People use bacteria, protists, or fungi to: make...Ch. 23 - Prob. 1CCQCh. 23 - Prob. 2CCQCh. 23 - Prob. 3CCQCh. 23 - Prob. 1CBQCh. 23 - Prob. 2CBQ
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- It is called a "Negative Stain" because the stain has a negative charge, and is therefore: repelled by the bacterial surface attracted by the bacterial surface able to penetrate the bacterial surfacearrow_forwardDescribe the purpose of identifying unknown bacterial cultures in medical field. Name the step by step experiments/procedures that microbiologists follow in order to identify microorganisms.arrow_forwardWhich stain can be used to determine if bacteria are capsulated? Question options: flagella stain negative stain simple stain capsule stainarrow_forward
- There are so many microbes in a single mL of culture, it is very difficult to perform one dilution to produce countable cells. Microbiologists need to perform a dilution series, where multiple dilutions are performed in sequence to arrive at the correct dilution. Dilutions are cumulative. Multiple the series of dilutions together to find the final dilution value. If 3 serial dilutions are performed, each with a value of 0.01, what is the cumulative dilution? Express your answer as an exponent, e.g. 0.1 would be 1e-1 and 0.01 would be 1e-2arrow_forwardBefore viewing a specimen of pigmented bacteria on a slide under the light microscope, which of the following usually needs to happen (and why)? Staining (to increase magnification). Heat, radiation or antimicrobial chemical treatment (to kill the bacteria for safe observation). Add immersion oil (to increase resolution). Add a cover slip (to reduce contamination). The viewing chamber needs to be flushed of air (to create a vacuum).arrow_forwardWhat is the purpose of fixing a smear? Mark all that apply: 1. To attach the bacteria to the slide 2. To cause the cells to shrink and become distorted 3. To kill the bacteria so they aren't harmed by the staining method 4. To break down the cell wall in order to make the cells accept stain 5. To kill the bacteria to make the slide safer to handlearrow_forward
- When performing a Gram stain on a Gram-negative bacteria, why does the bacteria stain pink? Crystal violet stain binds to iodine and remains in the bacterial cell wall because of the thick peptidoglycan layer. Safranin counterstain gets in the bacteria’s cell wall to stain the cell pink. The alcohol wash removes crystal violet and iodine from the bacteria. Crystal violet stain binds to iodine and remains in the bacteria cell wall because of the thick peptidoglycan layer AND Safranin counterstain gets in the bacteria’s cell wall to stain the cell pink. Safranin counterstain gets in the bacteria’s cell wall to stain the cell pink AND The alcohol wash removes crystal violet and iodine from the bacteria.arrow_forwardThe below photograph shows a Gram-stained slide viewed using a light microscope set at brightfield of a clinical sample from a patient with symptoms suggesting an infection. The slide was viewed with x100 objective. What could be the most likely cause of infection? Gram positive bacteria, either rods or cocci Gram positive rod shaped bacteria or yeast Gram negative rod or cocci shaped bacteria Gram negative bacteria, either rods or cocciarrow_forwardA microbiologist is working with a pure strain of bacteria isolated from a mixed sample. Which of the following would indicate that the bacterium is NOT Helicobacter pylori? Cells have flagella when viewed by flagellar staining. Secretes acids produced from metabolism of sucrose. Cells are curved rods. Produces and secretes urease enzyme. Cells stain Gram negative.arrow_forward
- Note that it is not appropriate to self-diagnose outside of a medical context and this is a completely hypothetical scenario. Imagine you have a rash on your foot. You're concerned that it's an infection and inoculate a sample onto an agar plate. You wonder, How can I figure out whether the pathogen is a bacterium vs a eukaryote? You decide to use lab supplies to get a basic understanding of the pathogen. Be specific about what tests you use and what you expect the results to be. Limit yourself to experiments we could do in our lab. What is one experiment you could do, involving culturing the organism?arrow_forwardNote that it is not appropriate to self-diagnose outside of a medical context and this is a completely hypothetical scenario. Imagine you have a rash on your foot. You're concerned that it's an infection and inoculate a sample onto an agar plate. You wonder, How can I figure out whether the pathogen is a bacterium vs a eukaryote? You decide to use lab supplies to get a basic understanding of the pathogen. Be specific about what tests you use and what you expect the results to be. Limit yourself to experiments we could do in our lab. What is a procedure you could do, involving making a slide of the organism?arrow_forwardA patient sample will be analyzed. You are responsible to quantify the bacteria number. The dilution series shown in the Figure ( Dilution.jpg) is prepared and 1 ml from each tube is plated. Plates were grown 24 hours resulting in colonies in each plate. Which plate you will use to quantify the bacteria in the patient sample? Why did you pick that plate? What is the dilution factor used in this series? Calculate the number of bacteria in the original patient sample. What would you do and why, if there were too many colonies to count on each plate?arrow_forward
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