Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393615098
Author: John W. Foster, Joan L. Slonczewski
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Question
Chapter 24.1, Problem 3TQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The immunological differences in protein with the same target and the inability of antibodies that direct against one rhinovirus strain to block the attachment of the other rhinovirus strain.
Introduction:
Rhinovirus is the causative agent for common cold in humans. It has three species that show differences on the basis of their surface proteins. These viruses have a very small size and possess lytic nature. Rhinovirus is one of the major reasons for respiratory problems in children as well as in adults.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
1) 286 individuals were newly diagnosed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in 2018 in Minnesota. Of these
individuals, 76% were male. HIV is an enveloped, ssRNA virus_ Baltimore classification VI. This virus targets CD4+
cells. CD4 refers to a glycoprotein which serves as a co-receptor for T-cells, located on T-helper and T-reg immune cells.
a) What part of the HIV virus allows for specificity to CD4+ cells?
Let’s say there are two closely related viruses, let’s call them Guernsey virus and Micro virus. These two viruses only infect epithelial cells. Their surface antigens are sufficiently similar that there are a number of shared epitopes between the two viruses. Choose one of the following:
A) If you get infected and successfully recover from one virus, it’s quite possible that you’ll have neutralizing antibodies against the other.
B) If you get infected and successfully recover from one virus, you’ll still be susceptible to the other one because the antigens aren’t exactly the same.
C) If you get infected and successfully recover from one virus, it’s likely that getting infected with the other virus will be worse because of the common phenomena of antibody-dependent enhancement.
D) Not enough information has been given.
Serum from individuals with high levels of antibody to SARS-CoV2 has been used to treat patients with severe COVID-19. What is ONE way (there are several) that passive immunization with the antibody to the virus could help these patients? HINT: think about what opsonization with antibody could do for the innate immune response.
Chapter 24 Solutions
Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
Ch. 24.1 - Prob. 1TQCh. 24.1 - Prob. 2TQCh. 24.1 - Prob. 3TQCh. 24.2 - Prob. 1TQCh. 24.2 - Prob. 2TQCh. 24.2 - Prob. 3TQCh. 24.2 - Prob. 4TQCh. 24.2 - Prob. 5TQCh. 24.3 - Prob. 1TQCh. 24.3 - Prob. 2TQ
Ch. 24.3 - Prob. 3TQCh. 24.4 - Prob. 1TQCh. 24.4 - Prob. 2TQCh. 24.5 - Prob. 1TQCh. 24.5 - Prob. 2TQCh. 24.6 - Prob. 1TQCh. 24.6 - Prob. 2TQCh. 24 - Prob. 1RQCh. 24 - Prob. 2RQCh. 24 - Prob. 3RQCh. 24 - Prob. 4RQCh. 24 - Prob. 5RQCh. 24 - Prob. 6RQCh. 24 - Prob. 7RQCh. 24 - Prob. 8RQCh. 24 - Prob. 9RQCh. 24 - Prob. 10RQCh. 24 - Prob. 11RQCh. 24 - Prob. 12RQCh. 24 - Prob. 13RQCh. 24 - Prob. 14RQCh. 24 - Prob. 15RQCh. 24 - Prob. 16RQCh. 24 - Prob. 17RQCh. 24 - Prob. 18RQCh. 24 - Prob. 19RQCh. 24 - Prob. 20RQCh. 24 - Prob. 1TQCh. 24 - Prob. 2TQCh. 24 - Prob. 3TQCh. 24 - Prob. 4TQCh. 24 - Prob. 5TQ
Knowledge Booster
Similar questions
- Which of the following is false when considering the CCR5Δ32 mutation? a) The mutation prevents the entry of HIV-1 into a T cell. b) The deletion that produced CCR5Δ32 caused a frameshift which extends the length of the protein product. c) CCR5Δ32 prevents infection by HIV-1 in homozygotes but only delays the onset of HIV symptoms in heterozygotes. d) The protein product produced by CCR5Δ32 is altered in such a manner that it cannot embed in the cell membrane.arrow_forwardCan you compare and contrast the infection process of influenza and HIV? What are the specific molecules on the surface of each virus that directly interacts with the respective cellular receptor molecule? What is/are the specific molecules on the surface of the respective target cells that serve as the cellular receptors for these viruses respectively?arrow_forwarda) How virus vaccine, under immune system processes (via dendritic cells, T-Cells and B-Cells), can help people against real virus infection. b) Structure of SARS-CoV-2 and their entry process on host cells. Then, if you choose onetype of virus protein (spikes, nucleocapsid, membrane or envelope) should be used for vaccine,which is the best candidate? Why?arrow_forward
- One strategy for vaccine development currently under investigation is the use of pathogen-derived T cell epitopes as a component of the vaccine. For viral pathogens, implementing this strategy involves scanning the predicted amino acid sequences of the viral proteins for likely peptide epitopes that would bind to MHC class I and MHC class II molecules. In addition to the complication of MHC sequence polymorphism in the human population, another complication of this strategy for peptide epitopes that would bind to MHC class II proteins is: The importance of viral proteins containing peptides that are cleaved into 8–10 amino acid long fragments. The ability of viruses to mutate their proteins to avoid MHC anchor residue sequences. The fact that long peptides (>13 amino acids) are rapidly degraded in cells. The fact that MHC class II proteins are intrinsically stable, even in the absence of binding to a peptide. The absence of defined sequence motifs that predict peptide binding to…arrow_forwardCan S-layer proteins be detected by immunolabelling when a capsule is present? How do you know? I need help finding the answer in the article and explain in short answer link to article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC106848/arrow_forwardWhich of the followings is molecular pathology associated with ADA mutations that cause immunodeficiency? a) accumulation of deoxyadenosine and its precursors S-adenosylhomocysteine and deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) with toxic effects on immature lymphocytes, b)accumulation of deoxyguanosine and deoxyguanosine triphosphate, with toxic effects on immature lymphocytesarrow_forward
- When an antibody binds to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, it may block access of the spike protein to the ACE2 protein on human cells. This is one way an antibody can prevent the virus from attaching to and getting inside of human cells. But antibodies can do more than just block virus entry. Due to the symmetrical structure of the immunoglobulin molecule, it can bind to two antigen molecules simultaneously, like this: As a result, antibodies can cross-link multiple viruses in a three-dimensional network. Using this diagram as a starting point, draw several additional viruses and antibodies to illustrate what a cross-linked antigen-antibody complex might look like.arrow_forwardModerna and Pfizer vaccines for COVID-19 use mRNA to the Spike protein combined with lipids. Which of the following is/are advantages of this type of vaccine compared to an inactivated virus vaccine? Select ALL correct answers. a) The vaccine is more stable for transport. b) The vaccine does not contain the virus so it cannot give you COVID-19. c) The vaccine can be rapidly produced in a slightly different form to protect from variants of SARS-CoV-2. d) The vaccine does not need a booster.arrow_forwardThe envelope protein gp120 (Glycoprotein 120) is required for the attachment of the HIV virus to CD 4 receptors of target host cells. Identify the immune cells that consist of CD 4 receptors?arrow_forward
- Can a mouse infected with Bacillus anthracis generate antibodies against the S-layer? How do you know? I need help finding the answer in the article and explain in short answer link to article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC106848/arrow_forwardCOVID-19 is caused by infection with a novel corona virus, SARS-CoV-2. Testing someone for active infection involves examining samples taken from the nasal mucosa for fragments of the virus. Another type of testing involves examining blood for the presence of antibodies that can bind to SARS-CoV-2. Use what you've learned about the immune system. What are the suggested reasons why someone would possess antibodies to SARS-CoV-2.arrow_forwardViruses can easily mutate exchange genetic material, mechanisms referred to as antigenic drift and antigenic shift. These changes allow the virus to evade the immune system defenses. Match each term with the correct definition Antigenic drift [ Choose ] [Choose ] Different strains of a virus or strain of different viruses, combine and form a new strain that now has a mixture of the surface antigens Antigenic shift The virus changes genetically by accumulating mutations within the genes that code for antibody-binding sitesarrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSON
Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:PEARSON
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:9781947172517
Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781259398629
Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa Stouter
Publisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780815344322
Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter
Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781260159363
Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, Cynthia
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9781260231700
Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael Windelspecht
Publisher:McGraw Hill Education