Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 30, Problem 2ITD
Summary Introduction

To review:

The effect of different categories of light stimuli on fusion events for different mating pairs.

Introduction:

The fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogen found in patients with weak immune system like HIV/AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency sydrome) patients. It is a dangerous pathogen that causes cryptococcosis with severe symptoms like encephalitis and pneumonia-like illness.

It thrives well in dark places, which suit well for its sexual reproduction whereas light inhibits the sexual reproduction process by affecting the development of the dikaryon stage. The wild-type BWC gene encodes for light-based inhibition of dikaryon formation. There are two mating types, denoted as α and a. The mutant bwc1 does not inhibit the development of dikaryon even in the presence of light.

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After plasmogamy has occurred, many molds (Mucoromycetes) exist in a heterokaryotic stage for up to centuries at a time. What occurs at the immediate end of this stage? The nuclei fuse in a process called karyogamy. The hyphae fuse in a process called karyogamy. Diploid spores are produced in various spore-producing structures. A haploid zygote is formed that becomes multicellular through repeated rounds of mitosis.
In the pictures below, identify the arrowed reproductive structures of microscopic cyanobacteria based on the following descriptions: Akinetes are dormant structures larger than the vegetative cells, are rich in food reserves, and have thick walls.  Most filamentous cyanobacteria develop akinetes in adverse conditions (e.g., winter, dry periods).  When favorable conditions return, they germinate and produce new filaments. Hormogonia are short pieces of filaments consisting of 5–15 trichomes that fragment and develop into new filaments. Heterocytes (or heterocysts) are multicellular structures that have a thick and massive sheath, formed by members of the Nostocales.  It is the location of the enzyme nitrogenase for nitrogen fixation, the conversion of nitrogen gas into ammonium and then amino acids.  They may be intercalary or terminal in position and may germinate from either end or both the ends to give rise to new filaments. Non-filamentous cyanobacteria generally produce spores…
After mitosis is finished and M-Cdk activity is terminated; Cdk is degraded and cyclin is reused. * False True During the life cycle of fungi, karyogamy:
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