Suppose two phosphate groups in DNA (each with a charge of 21) are separated by 12 Å. What is the energy of the ionic interaction between these two phos- phates assuming a dielectric constant of 80? Repeat the calculation assuming a dielectric constant of 2.

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Mass Spectrometry

This process is an instrumental method in which a sample is changed to fast moving positive ions by electron bombardment. The charged particles vary due to their different mass to charge ratio and are estimated with the help of this difference. It is also called mass spectroscopy.