Supposing that an average human consumes energy at the rate of 1500 kcal/ day at rest and that long-distance running consumes energy at 10 times that rate, how long would the glycogen reserves last during a marathon run?
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- Assuming that all the glucose entering a muscle fiber is oxidized, as what molecule will the glucose carbon leave the body? Of glucose’s six carbons, two oxidized carbon byproducts will be produced by one enzyme, and four will be produced by a metabolic pathway. At which enzyme and pathway are these carbon-based bi-products produced?Muscle protein, fat, and glycogen are all reservoirs of energy. In what order are they used during a prolonged fast?Discuss briefly (in less than 100 words) the practice of carbohydrate loading for endurance in aerobic exercise. What is the role of glycogen metabolism (glycogenesis and glycogenolysis) and glycolysis in carbohydrate loading? Why is this practice more productive than usual without carbohydrate loading?
- Calculate the resting metabolic rate in units of kcal day-1 kg body-1 for a 60 kg nonathletic male and a 160 kg nonathletic male. Make a reasonable hypothesis as to why there is a differenceMatch the following energy system pathways: Marathons 25 meter swim Weight lifting Can power cell for about 15 seconds using creatine phosphate Used when oxygen is absent and produces lactic acid as a byproduct Requires oxygen and is our primary source of ATP [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] Choose] [Choose]Which of the following would not be considered a reason for the decline in fat oxidation with increasing exercise intensity? Increased lactic acid production Reduced lactic acid production Reduced appearance of FA in the bloodstream Reduced transport of FA into the mitochondria
- a Imagine that creatine phosphate, rather than ATP, is the universal energy carrier molecule in the human body. Assume that the cellular concentrations of creatine phosphate, creatine, and phosphate are 21.6 mM, 2.16x10-3 mm, and 3.80 mM, respectively. Calculate the weight of creatine phosphate that would need to be consumed each day by a typical adult human if creatine phosphate could not be recycled. (Estimate the free energy of hydrolysis of creatine phosphate under cellular conditions to determine how many moles required. Use the standard free energy AG = -43.3 kJ/mol, and take the temperature to be 37 °C.) AG= kJ/mol Weight of creatine phosphate consumed = 9What factors affect the rate of glycogen synthesis following depleting exercise, and what steps can we take to maximize glycogen restoration?Since ancient times it has been observed that certain game birds, such as grouse, quail, and pheasants, are easily fatigued. The Greek historian Xenophon wrote: “The bustards . . . can be caught if one is quick in starting them up, for they will fly only a short distance, like partridges, and soon tire; and their flesh is delicious.” The flight muscles of game birds rely almost entirely on the use of glucose 1-phosphate for energy, in the form of ATP . The glucose 1-phosphate is formed by the breakdown of stored muscle glycogen, catalyzed by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase. The rate of ATP production is limited by the rate at which glycogen can be broken down. During a “panic flight,” the game bird’s rate ofglycogen breakdown is quite high, approximately 120 mmol/min of glucose 1-phosphate produced per gram of fresh tissue. Given that the flight muscles usually contain about 0.35% glycogen by weight, calculate how long a game bird can fly. (Assume the average molecular weight of a…
- At the conclusion of anaerobic glycolysis, a metabolite is formed (you should have mentioned this in part g of question 6 above) that is released into the general circulation. Briefly describe this process and the fate of this metabolite. What would be the expected difference in this metabolite between two individuals of differing fitness levels (e.g., one athlete has a higher VO2max than the other) during an exercise test?Unlike a rabbit, running all-out for a few moments to escape a predator, migratory birds require energy for extended periods of time. For example, ducks generally fly several thousand miles during their annual migration. The flight muscles of migratory birds have a high oxidative capacity and obtain the necessary ATP through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA (obtained from fats) via the citric acid cycle. Compare the regulation of muscle glycolysis during short-term intense activity, as in a fleeing rabbit, and during extended activity, as in the migrating duck. Why must the regulation in these two settings be different? Extended activity requires the highly efficient anaerobic metabolism of fats, rather than the less efficient aerobic metabolism of glucose. Extended activity requires the highly efficient aerobic oxidation of fats, rather than the less efficient anaerobic metabolism of glucose. Extended activity stimulates glycolysis because the concentrations of citrate and acetyl-CoA are…Why would a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio decrease metabolicefficiency?
