Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134396026
Author: Frederic H. Martini, Judi L. Nath, Edwin F. Bartholomew
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 15, Problem 19RQ
By which structures and in which pan of the brain is the level of muscle tone in the body’s skeletal muscles controlled? How is this control exerted?
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Which of the following statements best describes the axonal projection patterns of upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex?
Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex are cholinergic and their axons project directly to muscle fibres to control voluntary muscle movements.
Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex are glutamatergic and their axons project to the thalamus, brain stem and directly to muscle fibres to control voluntary muscle movements.
Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex project to the spinal cord where they synapse with cholinergic lower motoneurons that control voluntary muscle movements.
Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex project to neurons in the cerebellum, thalamus and brain stem that in turn contact lower motoneurons in the spinal cord to control voluntary muscle movements.
Bob suffers a heart attack and clutches his chest. How is sensory and motor information propagated in this event
Group of answer choices
both sensory and motor information from his arms are propagated via spinal nerves
multipolar neurons carrying motor information to the muscles of his arm exited the dorsal root of the spinal nerve
unipolar neurons carrying sensory information from his heart entered the ventral root of the spinal nerve
somatic sensory neurons carried the pain signals from his heart to the primary sensory cortex
The ventral tegmental area exhibits burst firing in response to which of the following environmental stimuli?
RPE
RP/CS
"Extremely salient stimuli (surprising or even shocking, something went bang )"
All of the above
Only primary rewards such as food or sex (as in the four Fs )
Which of the following is a principal afferent of hippocampus that releases acetylcholine and may be involved in spatial memory?
sensory cortex
thalamus
septum
basal nucleus aka NBM
striatum.
Chapter 15 Solutions
Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Ch. 15 - What do we call the bodys specialized cells that...Ch. 15 - Prob. 2CPCh. 15 - Prob. 3CPCh. 15 - Define adaptation.Ch. 15 - List the major types of general sensory receptors,...Ch. 15 - Identify the three classes of mechanoreceptors.Ch. 15 - What would happen to you if the information from...Ch. 15 - Prob. 8CPCh. 15 - Which spinal tract carries action potentials...Ch. 15 - Prob. 10CP
Ch. 15 - Prob. 11CPCh. 15 - Prob. 12CPCh. 15 - Prob. 13CPCh. 15 - Prob. 1RQCh. 15 - __________ receptors are normally inactive, but...Ch. 15 - Prob. 3RQCh. 15 - Prob. 4RQCh. 15 - Prob. 5RQCh. 15 - Prob. 6RQCh. 15 - Prob. 7RQCh. 15 - What are the three major somatic sensory pathways...Ch. 15 - Prob. 9RQCh. 15 - Which three motor tracts make up the medial...Ch. 15 - Prob. 11RQCh. 15 - Prob. 12RQCh. 15 - What three steps are necessary for transduction to...Ch. 15 - Differentiate between a tonic receptor and a...Ch. 15 - What is a motor homunculus? How does it differ...Ch. 15 - Prob. 16RQCh. 15 - Prob. 17RQCh. 15 - Prob. 18RQCh. 15 - By which structures and in which pan of the brain...Ch. 15 - Prob. 20RQCh. 15 - Prob. 21RQCh. 15 - Prob. 22RQCh. 15 - Prob. 23RQCh. 15 - Prob. 1CCCh. 15 - Prob. 2CC
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Draw a picture tracing the motor information from the brain to a deep muscle in the back Which part of brain, where is neuron located? Does it involve spinal cord? Which part of spinal cord (horns)? Root involvement (be specific)? Ganglion involvement? Cranial or spinal nerve involvement? Ramus involvement? What type of muscle (epaxial, hypaxial) is involved and where is it located (anterior, posterior)arrow_forwardWhich of the Basal Ganglia loops is associated with switching tasks and prioritizing movements? Affective loop Motor loop Visual/Occulomotor loop Cognitive looparrow_forwardWhen describing the reflex arcs and the neural pathways involved we often limit ourselves to the nerves carrying information from the muscle or tendon to the spinal cord and back. However, it should be clear from our ability to feel the tendon tap as well as the results from the Jendrassik’s maneuver test that it isn’t this simple. What other neural connections must be present ?arrow_forward
- Two neurotransmitter the mediate nociceptive information in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord are: acetylcholine and GABA glutamate and substance P glutamate and GABA substance P and acetylcholinearrow_forwardcan someone explain in simple terms how exactly the cerebellum communicates with the motor cortex when executing a voluntary movement? thanksarrow_forwardIf a mosquito bites you in the forearm, action potentials will have to reach the CNS before you can perceive the bite and react by swatting the mosquito. Which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that takes place from the time the mosquito bites you until you swat it? O somatic sensory receptors, afferent division, primary somatosensory cortex, primary motor cortex, efferent division, SNS, skeletal muscles O visceral sensory receptors, afferent division, primary somatosensory cortex, primary motor cortex, efferent division, SNS, skeletal muscles somatic sensory receptors, efferent division, primary somatosensory cortex, primary motor cortex, afferent division, SNS, skeletal muscles special sensory receptors, afferent division, primary somatosensory cortex, primary motor cortex, efferent division, SNS, skeletal musclesarrow_forward
- What aspect of brain anatomy facilitates communication between body sensations and body movements?arrow_forwardThere are three basic levels of somatic motor control: reflexes, subconscious control, and conscious control. Review these three levels of control by answering the questions below: 1. Which process is the fastest? 2. Which process is the slowest? 3. Which process is the simplest (has the fewest synapses)? 4. Which process is the most complex? 5. Which process are you aware of? 6. A decision made by nuclei in the brain, but not the spinal cord, is which process? 7. A decision made by the spinal cord is which process 8. A decision made by the cerebral cortex is which process?arrow_forwardSubjecting neurons in the perforant pathway to tetanus stimulation strengthens activity in the dentate gyrus, indicating that long-term potentiation does not occur in the hippocampus. the hippocampus is involved in memory. synapses in the brain do not behave like Hebbian synapses. synapses in the brain can behave like Hebbian synapses.arrow_forward
- Why are some areas of the body represented as largerthan other areas on the spatial map of the primary motorcortex?arrow_forwardApproximately where would one look to find the somatic motor neurons whose axons comprise the tibial n. of the lumbosacral plexus? Sacral vertebral region Cervical vertebral region O Inferior thoracic vertebral region Inferior lumbar vertebral region.arrow_forwardFollowing administration of an opiate drug, "pain signals" are prevented from getting out of the spinal cord via two mechanisms. One inhibits spinal cord neurons that communicate with the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus. What is the other way that pain signals are stopped? dendro-dendritic synapses that enhance IPSI's in somatosensory neurons. the disinhibition of long axons that start in the spinal cord and influence free nerve endings directly. O a feedback loop to the periaquedictal grey of the midbrain, which enhances neural activity in that area. axo-axonic synapses that prevents somatosensory neurons from releasing neurotransmitter.arrow_forward
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