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A new building to be located in a cold climate is beingdesigned with a basement that has an
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Introduction to Heat Transfer
- 1.37 Mild steel nails were driven through a solid wood wall consisting of two layers, each 2.5-cm thick, for reinforcement. If the total cross-sectional area of the nails is 0.5% of the wall area, determine the unit thermal conductance of the composite wall and the percent of the total heat flow that passes through the nails when the temperature difference across the wall is 25°C. Neglect contact resistance between the wood layers.arrow_forward2.30 An electrical heater capable of generating 10,000 W is to be designed. The heating element is to be a stainless steel wire having an electrical resistivity of ohm-centimeter. The operating temperature of the stainless steel is to be no more than 1260°C. The heat transfer coefficient at the outer surface is expected to be no less than in a medium whose maximum temperature is 93°C. A transformer capable of delivering current at 9 and 12 V is available. Determine a suitable size for the wire, the current required, and discuss what effect a reduction in the heat transfer coefficient would have. (Hint: Demonstrate first that the temperature drop between the center and the surface of the wire is independent of the wire diameter, and determine its value.)arrow_forward2.38 The addition of aluminum fins has been suggested to increase the rate of heat dissipation from one side of an electronic device 1 m wide and 1 m tall. The fins are to be rectangular in cross section, 2.5 cm long and 0.25 cm thick, as shown in the figure. There are to be 100 fins per meter. The convection heat transfer coefficient, both for the wall and the fins, is estimated to be K. With this information determine the percent increase in the rate of heat transfer of the finned wall compared to the bare wall.arrow_forward
- 2.2 A small dam, which is idealized by a large slab 1.2 m thick, is to be completely poured in a short Period of time. The hydration of the concrete results in the equivalent of a distributed source of constant strength of 100 W/m3. If both dam surfaces are at 16°C, determine the maximum temperature to which the concrete will be subjected, assuming steady-state conditions. The thermal conductivity of the wet concrete can be taken as 0.84 W/m K.arrow_forward3.17 A 1.4-kg aluminum household iron has a 500-W heating element. The surface area is . The ambient temperature is 21°C, and the surface heat transfer coefficient is . How long after the iron is plugged in does its temperature reach 104°C?arrow_forwardAn electronic device that internally generates 600 mW of heat has a maximum permissible operating temperature of 70C. It is to be cooled in 25C air by attaching aluminum fins with a total surface area of 12cm2. The convection heat transfer coefficient between the fins and the air is 20W/m2K. Estimate the operating temperature when the fins are attached in such a way that (a) there is a contact resistance of approximately 50 K/W between the surface of the device and the fin array and (b) there is no contact resistance (in this case, the construction of the device is more expensive). Comment on the design options.arrow_forward
- 3.16 A large, 2.54-cm.-thick copper plate is placed between two air streams. The heat transfer coefficient on one side is and on the other side is . If the temperature of both streams is suddenly changed from 38°C to 93°C, determine how long it takes for the copper plate to reach a temperature of 82°C.arrow_forward2.45 Heat is transferred from water to air through a brass wall . The addition of rectangular brass fins, 0.08 cm thick and 2.5 cm long, spaced 1.25 cm apart, is contemplated. Assuming a water-side heat transfer coefficient of and an airside heat transfer coefficient of , compare the gain in heat transfer rate achieved by adding fins to (a) the water side, (b) the air side, and (c) both sides. (Neglect temperature drop through the wall.)arrow_forwardB: A composite wall is consist of two blocks A and B. Wall A (ka- 75 W/m. °C and thickness La) contains uniform heat generation q = 1.5×106 W/m³ and isolated from the left side. Wall B (kb 150 W/m. °C and thickness L) has no generation and exposed from the right side to moving water (To= 30 C and h=1000 W/m2). If the rate of heat flux transfer to water is 75000 W/m², and the temperature at the interface between block A and B is 115 C, determine: 1- The thickness of block A and B. 2- The inner and outer surface temperature of the composite.arrow_forward
- 1. A residential building has height of 50 m and floor area (25 m x 30 m) as shown in figure below. It is occupied by 200 people. The external walls of the building has conductance ( C= 2 W/m?.°C ). The building has windows occupy about 25% from the outer area. The glass type of windows is clear with thickness of 6 mm. The overall heat transfer coefficient for the roof of the building is ( UR = 1.2 W/m?.°C ). The ventilation requirements is ( 36 m3/(hr. Person)) . The room design conditions is ( t; = 22 °C and RH= 40 %) and outside design conditions is (to = 0 °C and RH=70%). (neglect the heat loss to the ground and infiltration air) calculate the total heating load for the building. 30 m 25 m 50 marrow_forwardA roof has 2 types of insulating material placed inside it. The materials are 10 cm insulating foam (0.02 W/m-K), and another unknown material that is also 10 cm. The insulating foam that is near the exterior roofing material has a temperature of 50C. The temperature measured at the area between the two layers is 42C. What is the overall heat transfer coefficient per sq. m if the interior temperature is 26C?arrow_forward2. A refrigerated cold room wall has a thickness of 100mm and a thermal conductivity 0.14 W/m-K. The room wall has a 60mm thick internal lining of cork having a thermal conductivity of 0.05 W/m.K. The thermal conductance between the exposed faces and the respective atmosphere is 12 W/m²-K. If the room is maintained at 0°C and the external atmospheric temperature is 20°C, Calculate the heat loss rate through 1m² of the wall.arrow_forward
- Principles of Heat Transfer (Activate Learning wi...Mechanical EngineeringISBN:9781305387102Author:Kreith, Frank; Manglik, Raj M.Publisher:Cengage Learning