Principles of Biology
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781259875120
Author: Robert Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier Dr., Linda Graham Dr. Ph.D., Peter Stiling Dr. Ph.D.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 38.2, Problem 2TYK
Summary Introduction
Introduction: The hypothalamus-pituitary complex is present in the diencephalon region of the brain. The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland are associated with a structure that is known as the infundibulum that contains vasculature and the nerve axons. It is supplied with the portal veins.
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The peptide hormones vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin each contain only nine amino acids.Vasopressin is an antidiuretic: even at low doses it controls the resorption of water by the distal tubules of the kidneys and regulates the osmotic content of blood. At high doses it can affect blood pressure. Oxytocin stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle. It is secreted during labor to effect delivery of the fetus. Oxytocin in therapeutically delivered to accelerate contractions in a labor that is not progressing. The primary sequences of the two peptides are shown below.Vasopressin: CYFQNCPRG Oxytocin: CYIQNCPLGQuestions: 1. Draw the Primary Structure of Vasopressin and Oxytocin. 2. Calculate the overall charge of the peptides at pH 1, 7, 9, 11 and 14. Are the peptidespositively or negatively charged at pH 7? Between which pH values in this range are thepeptides neutral? Calculate the pI of each peptide. How might the differences affecttheir function?
Use the image to answer the question.
Posterior pituitary
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Baby suckles
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Oxytocin stimulates the
release of breast milk
Oxytocin is a hormone synthesized by hypothalamic neurons and released by the pituitary gland. The
release of oxytocin is regulated by a feedback loop represented in the diagram. Explain why this is an
example of positive feedback regulation. Predict what occurs when a baby is weaned and no longer
breastfeeds.
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Chapter 38 Solutions
Principles of Biology
Ch. 38.1 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 38.1 - The synthesis of which class of hormone requires...Ch. 38.2 - Prob. 1BCCh. 38.2 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 38.2 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 38.3 - Prob. 1BCCh. 38.3 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 38.3 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 38.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 38.4 - Prob. 1TYK
Ch. 38.5 - Some children with short stature can be...Ch. 38.5 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 38.5 - Prob. 1CCCh. 38.6 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 38.7 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 38 - Prob. 1TYCh. 38 - Prob. 2TYCh. 38 - Which is false about polypeptide hormones? They...Ch. 38 - Which is false about the control of hormones? Many...Ch. 38 - Prob. 5TYCh. 38 - Prob. 6TYCh. 38 - Prob. 7TYCh. 38 - Prob. 8TYCh. 38 - Prob. 9TYCh. 38 - Prob. 10TYCh. 38 - What is the function of leptin, and what is the...Ch. 38 - Prob. 2CCQCh. 38 - A principle of biology is that living organisms...Ch. 38 - Prob. 1CBQCh. 38 - Discuss the role of the different steroid hormones...
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- Use the image to answer the question. Posterior pituitary releases oxytocin Baby suckles at breast Oxytocin stimulates the release of breast milk Oxytocin is a hormone synthesized by hypothalamic neurons and released by the pituitary gland. The release of oxytocin is regulated by a feedback loop represented in the diagram. Explain why this is an example of positive feedback regulation. Predict what occurs when a baby is weaned and no longer breastfeeds.arrow_forwardMatch these examples to the correct type of signaling Estradiol released into the blood stream, acts on the pituitary cells Oxytocin produced in hypothalamic neurons, released from axons into the blood stream in the posterior hypothalamus Epithelial cells in arterioles release nitric oxide that causes relaxation of the adjacent smooth muscle cells Insulin released from the pancreas into the blood, acting on liver cells to simulate glucose uptake Release of cytokines by a macrophage, with cytokines acting on that macrophage to stimulate its immune function A. Neuroendocrine signaling B. Autocrine C. Paracrine signaling D. Endocrine signalingarrow_forwardThe kidneys are important regulators of blood volume (and thus MAP) and the ionic composition and pH of plasma . The amount of water reabsorbed or lost is hormonally regulated. Both the amount of blood that is filtered (glomerular filtration rate) and the amount of water that is reabsorbed is determined by hormones binding with receptors. In order to understand why the level of any given hormone is elevated or low in the blood, it is necessary to think in terms of homeostasis loops for each hormone, and what the initial disturbance to homeostasis was. In other words “who started it”! What STEROID hormone is elevated by increased activation of the RAS pathway?arrow_forward
- The kidneys are important regulators of blood volume (and thus MAP) and the ionic composition and pH of plasma . The amount of water reabsorbed or lost is hormonally regulated. Both the amount of blood that is filtered (glomerular filtration rate) and the amount of water that is reabsorbed is determined by hormones binding with receptors. In order to understand why the level of any given hormone is elevated or low in the blood, it is necessary to think in terms of homeostasis loops for each hormone, and what the initial disturbance to homeostasis was. In other words “who started it”! What NON STEROID hormone is produced at the end (but as part of) of the RAS pathway?arrow_forwardChoose the item below controlled by ADH: the level of glucose in the blood the amount of water re-absorbed in the nephron O the development of the lining of the uterus the release of an ovum from the ovary the uptake of calcium by the bonesarrow_forwardWalley is a mid-sized predatory fish in cold northern lakes and rivers. They feed heavily on small fish, and recently we have measured high levels of endocrine mimic toxins in their system. Walley are showing many developmental issues related to this. In studies of humans, we see those that are regular customers of the Friday fish-fry or regularly consume Walley show even higher levels in their blood. What is the accumulation of toxins like the endocrine mimics called and what is the reason for the high levels in humans?arrow_forward
- Which of the following cause-and-effect relationships is correct? weight gain in Cushing’s syndrome is a result of the lipogenic action of cortisol. a person with adrenal insufficiency has difficulty excreting a water load in a normal period of time because of the actions of aldosterone on sodium and hence water reabsorption. anemia occurs in Addison’s disease because of the action of cortisol on GI iron absorption and on erythropoetin release. skin darkening in Addison’s disease individuals indicates that the site of the disorder is in the pituitary rather than the adrenal. synthetic glucocorticoids are useful in the treatment of arthritis because they stimulate bone growth. In humans, total adrenalectomy is fatal without replacement therapy whereas hypophysectomy is not. This is because after hypophysectomy: the adrenal cortex undergoes compensatory hypertrophy the adrenal catecholamines compensate for the metabolic actions of cortisol the secretion of aldosterone is not…arrow_forward(DIAGRAM ABOVE) pituitary releases less antidiuretic hormone (ADH) kidney reabsorbs less water too much water in the blood normal water content in the blood U large, diluted volume of urine produced AS hypothalamus detects low concentration (2) A LEGA DEPARTMEN too much water in the blood hypothalamus detects low concentration pituitary releases less antidiuretic hormone (ADH) kidney reabsorbs less water large, diluted volume of urine produced normal water contect in the blood RICHA OF EDUCA NCAarrow_forwardHyponatremia is a condition that occurs when the level of sodium ions in the blood is severely low. This condition can occur in endurance sports such as ultra running. One cause of hyponatremia is when athletes consume too much water.The hormone that is secreted by the body to increase the absorption of sodium ions and the gland that secretes it are, respectively: Select one: a. Hormone Gland Aldosterone Adrenal cortex b. Hormone Gland ADH Posterior pituitary c. Hormone Gland ADH Adrenal cortex d. Hormone Gland Aldosterone Posterior pituitaryarrow_forward
- in your own words: What is the importance of feedback systems in the control of hormonal output in mammals? Offer two examples of a hormonal feedback pattern, excluding the examples provided/mentioned in the module.arrow_forwardIdentify the classical vertebrate endocrine glands and describe the actions of their hormones; describe the effects of hypersecretion and hyposecretion on homeostasis.arrow_forwardSequence the events according to the flow of information that facilitates the coordination of nervous, reproductive, and endocrine systems. The hypothalamus initiates the release of Gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GNRH). When the anterior pituitary gland receives signal, it will produce follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Secretion of GnRH, FSH, and LH stops. Stimulation of spermatogenesis in male and oogenesis in female. The inhibin and testosterone signal the anterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus to stop the production of reproductive hormones.arrow_forward
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