Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 9, Problem 9TYK
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
Ras is a type of G-protein that is involved in causing response by controlling gene expression. It is self-activated by adapter proteins that are linked to phosphorylated tyrosine kinase. The activated Ras then initiates the stepwise cascade comprising three mitogen-activating proteins (MAP). The final MAP acts as target and brings about changes in gene expression and hence, the response is obtained.
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Even in the presence of a Ras-GAP, a single amino acid change in as renders it incapable of hydrolyzing GTP. This mutation is known as Ras+ and is a cancer-causing mutation.
What effect do you think this mutation will have on signaling downstream of Ras+? Why?
a)A mutation would turn on the signaling pathway all of the time.
b)Even if a route is mutated, it can still be turned on or off.
c)Due to a mutation, the signaling pathway would always be off.
Put the following steps for the outline of the growth factor signaling pathway in order:
Map Kinase Kinase is Phosphorylated
Proteins involved in gene transcription are activated
Growth factor binds to its receptor in the cytoplasmic membrane
Receptor recruits adaptor protein and GEF
Autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the receptor
Structural change of the receptor activates Tyrosine Kinase
Map Kinase Kinase Kinase is phosphorylated
Ras, a small GTPase, is activated by the exchange of GTP for GDP
Map Kinase is Phosphorylated
Map Kinase enters the nucleus
5) Briefly explain why the formation of a tumour can pose a risk to a person's homeostasis.
6) The functioning of the "Ras/MAPK" signal transduction pathway is absolutely essential in
order for cells to grow, divide, and migrate.
One important protein that is part of this pathway is BRAF. This protein is a kind of enzyme
called a "kinase" – an enzyme that transfers a phosphate group onto another protein.
In some melanomas, a mutated form of BRAF called BRAF Val600AGlu drives the progression
of the cancer. The drug "vemurafenib" slows the progression of the cancer by slowing the
production of the mutant BRAF protein. (National Cancer Institute. 2019. Types of Cancer Treatment.
Retrieved from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/
Is this an example of a traditional cancer therapy or a targeted therapy? Briefly explain your
reasoning in the space provided, using information provided in the text to support your answer.
Type of therapy (traditional or targeted)?:
Brief…
Chapter 9 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 9.1 - What accounts for the specificity of a cellular...Ch. 9.2 - Prob. 1SBCh. 9.2 - Prob. 2SBCh. 9.3 - Prob. 1SBCh. 9.3 - Prob. 2SBCh. 9.3 - Prob. 3SBCh. 9.3 - Prob. 4SBCh. 9.3 - Prob. 5SBCh. 9.3 - Prob. 6SBCh. 9.4 - What distinguishes a steroid receptor from a...
Ch. 9.4 - By what means does a specific steroid hormone...Ch. 9.5 - Prob. 1SBCh. 9 - In signal transduction, which of the following is...Ch. 9 - Which of the following could not elicit a signal...Ch. 9 - A cell that responds to a signaling molecule is...Ch. 9 - Prob. 4TYKCh. 9 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 9 - Which of the following is incorrect about pathways...Ch. 9 - Which of the following would not inhibit signal...Ch. 9 - Prob. 8TYKCh. 9 - Prob. 9TYKCh. 9 - Prob. 10TYKCh. 9 - Discuss Concepts Describe the possible ways in...Ch. 9 - Discuss Concepts Is providing extra insulin an...Ch. 9 - Discuss Concepts There are molecules called GTP...Ch. 9 - Discuss Concepts Why do you suppose cells evolved...Ch. 9 - How would you set up an experiment to determine...Ch. 9 - Prob. 16TYKCh. 9 - Prob. 1ITDCh. 9 - Prob. 2ITDCh. 9 - Prob. 3ITD
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- RAS is a signal transducer that acts as a switch for turning on cell division. Drag the descriptions below to their proper places on the figure to show the sequence of events. When growth factor binds to the receptor, the intracellular domain activates RAS by facilitating exchange of GDP for GTP. When no growth factor is bound to the extracellular receptor, RAS is bound to GDP and is inactive. RAS activates the first of three sequential kinase proteins termed the MAP kinase cascade. Cell proliferation proceeds as the machinery for cell division is set in motion. The end result of the MAP kinase cascade is activation of a transcription factor. Receptor 1 Ras GDP 2 4 5 Growth factor Ras GTParrow_forwardProtein phosphorylation is commonly involved with all of thefollowing except(A) activation of receptor tyrosine kinases.(B) activation of protein kinase molecules.(C) activation of G protein-coupled receptors.(D) regulation of transcription by signaling molecules.arrow_forwardActivation of certain GPCRs triggers an intracellular signaling mechanism that involves activation of adenlyl cyclase and an increase of cAMP. Which of the following statements best describes the the events that follow such a cAMP increase? a.) The cAMP increase leads to activation of protein kinase C. b.) The cAMP increase leads to activation of the release of the gamma subunit from the GPCR. c.) The cAMP increase leads to activation of protein kinase A.arrow_forward
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