Organic Chemistry - Standalone book
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780073511214
Author: Francis A Carey Dr., Robert M. Giuliano
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Question
Chapter 16.7, Problem 7P
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
A stepwise mechanism is to be written for the acid catalyzed formation of oxane from
Concept Introduction:
Primary alcohols form ethers when they are heated in the presence of an acid catalyst.
Two molecules of the alcohol undergo condensation and form a larger molecule, that is ether and a smaller molecule, which is water.
In the first step, the alcohol is protonated by the acid catalyst producing an alkoxonium ion.
In the second step, another alcohol molecule acts as a nucleophile and attacks the alkoxonium ion.
In the final step, the de-protonation of alkoxonium ion takes place to form the ether molecule.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionStudents have asked these similar questions
In an experiment, triphenylmethanol is prepared using the Grignard reaction. The Grignard reaction involves preparation and reaction of a very nucleophilic organo-magnesium compound. The Grignard reagent is very reactive and is easily destroyed by reaction with atmospheric water, oxygen, or carbon dioxide. The Grignard reagent must be prepared under strict anhydrous conditions (dry glassware, dry solvent). The volative solvent, diethyl ether, helps to prevent oxygen or carbon dioxide from entering the reaction vessel. Reaction of bromobenzene with magnesium in ether produces phenylmagnesium bromide. This Grignard reagent then reacts with methyl benzoate to produce the corresponding alkoxide. Reaction of the alkoxide with aqueous acid then produces the alcohol.
Why is it unwise to begin addition of the solution of carbonyl compound to the Grignard reagent before the latter has cooled to room temperature?
In an experiment, triphenylmethanol is prepared using the Grignard reaction. The Grignard reaction involves preparation and reaction of a very nucleophilic organo-magnesium compound. The Grignard reagent is very reactive and is easily destroyed by reaction with atmospheric water, oxygen, or carbon dioxide. The Grignard reagent must be prepared under strict anhydrous conditions (dry glassware, dry solvent). The volative solvent, diethyl ether, helps to prevent oxygen or carbon dioxide from entering the reaction vessel. Reaction of bromobenzene with magnesium in ether produces phenylmagnesium bromide. This Grignard reagent then reacts with methyl benzoate to produce the corresponding alkoxide. Reaction of the alkoxide with aqueous acid then produces the alcohol.
Why does pressure develop when the separatory funnel containing aqueous sulfuric acid and the ethereal solution of organic products is shaken?
In an experiment, triphenylmethanol is prepared using the Grignard reaction. The Grignard reaction involves preparation and reaction of a very nucleophilic organo-magnesium compound. The Grignard reagent is very reactive and is easily destroyed by reaction with atmospheric water, oxygen, or carbon dioxide. The Grignard reagent must be prepared under strict anhydrous conditions (dry glassware, dry solvent). The volative solvent, diethyl ether, helps to prevent oxygen or carbon dioxide from entering the reaction vessel. Reaction of bromobenzene with magnesium in ether produces phenylmagnesium bromide. This Grignard reagent then reacts with methyl benzoate to produce the corresponding alkoxide. Reaction of the alkoxide with aqueous acid then produces the alcohol.
Ethanol is often present in the technical grade of diethyl ether. If this grade rather than anhydrous were used, what effect, if any, would the ethanol have on the formation of the Grignard reagent? Explain.
Chapter 16 Solutions
Organic Chemistry - Standalone book
Ch. 16.2 - Prob. 1PCh. 16.2 - Prob. 2PCh. 16.4 - Prob. 3PCh. 16.5 - Prob. 4PCh. 16.5 - Give the structures, including stereochemistry,...Ch. 16.5 - Prob. 6PCh. 16.7 - Prob. 7PCh. 16.8 - Prob. 8PCh. 16.8 - Prob. 9PCh. 16.9 - Predict the principal organic product of each of...
Ch. 16.9 - Prob. 11PCh. 16.10 - Prob. 12PCh. 16.11 - Prob. 13PCh. 16.12 - Prob. 14PCh. 16.12 - Prob. 15PCh. 16 - Write chemical equations, showing all necessary...Ch. 16 - Write chemical equations, showing all necessary...Ch. 16 - Which of the isomeric C5H12O alcohols can be...Ch. 16 - Prob. 19PCh. 16 - Write equations showing how 1-phenylethanol could...Ch. 16 - Write equations showing how 2-phenylethanol could...Ch. 16 - Prob. 22PCh. 16 - Show how each of the following compounds can be...Ch. 16 - Prob. 24PCh. 16 - Write the structure of the principal organic...Ch. 16 - Prob. 26PCh. 16 - Prob. 27PCh. 16 - Prob. 28PCh. 16 - Prob. 29PCh. 16 - Prob. 30PCh. 16 - (a) The cis isomer of 3-hexen-1-ol...Ch. 16 - Prob. 32PCh. 16 - Complete each of the following equations by...Ch. 16 - Prob. 34PCh. 16 - Prob. 35PCh. 16 - A diol (C8H18O2) does not react with periodic...Ch. 16 - Identify the compound C8H10O on the basis of its...Ch. 16 - dentify each of the following C4H10O isomers on...Ch. 16 - Prob. 39PCh. 16 - A compound C6H14O has the spectrum shown in Figure...Ch. 16 - Prob. 41DSPCh. 16 - Prob. 42DSPCh. 16 - Prob. 43DSPCh. 16 - Prob. 44DSPCh. 16 - Prob. 45DSPCh. 16 - Prob. 46DSPCh. 16 - Prob. 47DSP
Knowledge Booster
Similar questions
- A problem often encountered in the oxidation of primary alcohols to acids is that esters are sometimes produced as by-products. For example, oxidation of ethanol yields acetic acid and ethyl acetate: Propose a mechanism to account for the formation of ethyl acetate. Take into account the reversible reaction between aldehydes and alcohols:arrow_forwardWittig reactions with the following -chloroethers can be used for the synthesis of aldehydes and ketones. (a) Draw the structure of the triphenylphosphonium salt and Wittig reagent formed from each chloroether. (b) Draw the structural formula of the product formed by treating each Wittig reagent with cyclopentanone. Note that the functional group is an enol ether or, alternatively, a vinyl ether. (c) Draw the structural formula of the product formed on acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of each enol ether from part (b).arrow_forwardWhen ethyl ether is heated with excess HI for several hours, the only organic product obtained is ethyl iodide. Explain why ethyl alcohol is not obtained as a productarrow_forward
- Draw the structural formula of the enol formed in each alkyne hydration reaction; then draw the structural formula of the carbonyl compound with which each enol is in equilibriumarrow_forwardExplain why pentane-2,4-dione forms two alkylation products (A and B) when the number ofequivalents of base is increased from one to two.arrow_forwardAcetals are formed from the reaction of two alcohols with a carbonyl under acidic conditions. Acetal formation is faster with 1,2-ethanediol than with two methanol molecules. Choose the factor that explains the difference in reaction rates. A) The reaction with 1,2-ethanediol has a lower AH (enthalpy) of reaction. B) The reaction with 1,2-ethanediol has a higher AH (enthalpy) of reaction. C) The reaction with 1,2-ethanediol has a more favorable entropy of reaction.arrow_forward
- Aldehydes and ketones react with one molecule of an alcohol to form compounds called hemiacetals, in which there is one hydroxyl group and one ether-like group. Reaction of a hemiacetal with a second molecule of alcohol gives an acetal and a molecule of water. We study this reaction in Chapter 16. Draw structural formulas for the hemiacetal and acetal formed from these reagents. The stoichiometry of each reaction is given in the problem.arrow_forwardWhat is the role of phosphoric acid in the synthesis of cyclohexene? it is an antioxidant that prevents free radical side reactions it is a safe, non-toxic solvent it lowers the boiling point of the reaction mixture (a colligative property of adding phosphoric acid to water) it protonates the hydroxyl of cyclohexanol to make it a better leaving grouparrow_forwardWrite a stepwise reaction mechanism for the following sequence of reactions. No 1) O Ph CI 2) KCN/H,O CN Narrow_forward
- Write the reactions between acetone and phenol (molar ratio 2:1) in acid catalysis.arrow_forwardWhen bromomethane undergoes solvolysis in a solvent mixture composed of 90% water/10% acetone, the reaction rate is faster than when the same compound is solvolyzed in 80% water/20% acetone. Explain.arrow_forwardWrite the reagents and reaction conditions that are necessary for each of the following transformations.arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305580350Author:William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. FootePublisher:Cengage LearningMacroscale and Microscale Organic ExperimentsChemistryISBN:9781305577190Author:Kenneth L. Williamson, Katherine M. MastersPublisher:Brooks Cole
Organic Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305580350
Author:William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. Foote
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305577190
Author:Kenneth L. Williamson, Katherine M. Masters
Publisher:Brooks Cole