Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393615098
Author: John W. Foster, Joan L. Slonczewski
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 11.1, Problem 3TQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The lysis of E. coli cells lacking maltose porin by lambda phage.
Introduction:
The lambda phage infects Escherichia coli cells. It attaches to the host cell surface by binding to the maltose porin. This porin is responsible for the transport of maltose sugar into the bacterial cells. The maltose in the gut is provided by Bacteroides bacterial species that break down plant polysaccharides.
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One of the reasons why phage therapy has not been applied widely is that bacteria can become resistant to bacteriophages as well, through mutations in genes encoding for specific proteins. What would be a protein in the bacterial cell that, if mutated, would make that cell resistant to phage infection?
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In Hershey-Chase experiment, bacteriophages protein coats were tagged with radioactive isotope S-32. These phages were used to infect E. coli cells and the cells were further centrifuged to form pellets.
Why was the radioactivity level of S-32 found greater outside the cells compared to the E. coli cell pellets? Explain briefly.
If the experiment is repeated in the same manner but this time the phage protein coats are labelled with isotope X and the phage DNA with isotope Y, which isotope’s radioactivity will be found in greater amounts in the E. coli cell pellets after centrifugation? Explain briefly.
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Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
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- When various strains of λ phage are seeded on a lawn of E. coli, they can form clear or turbid plaques. (b) For mutant λ phages that can only form clear plaques, give two different types of mutation in the phage that can explain the clear plaque phenotype.arrow_forwardWhat advantages might a phage gain by being capable of lysogeny?arrow_forwardWhich of the statements about bacteriophage is FALSE: a) specialized transduction is a low frequency event b) may accidently package host DNA into a phage particle c) may perform specialized transduction d) only have a lytic life cyclearrow_forward
- You are studying your favorite (hypothetical) bacteriophage named M277. It infects E. coli and stays dormant within the bacterial cell. How does a phage become dormant within a cell? Generally, describe the steps of infection by phage in this scenarioarrow_forwardWhen bacteriophage P1 causes E. coli to lyse, the resulting materialis called a P1 lysate. What type of genetic material would befound in most of the P1 phages in the lysate? What kind of geneticmaterial is occasionally found within a P1 phage?arrow_forwardWhy must the top agar be supplemented with MgSo4 A) it is required to induce the production of cro repressors B) it is required to induce the production of cI repressors C) it helps stabilize the phage for infection D) it induces the expression of the lamB gene in E. Coliarrow_forward
- Scientists at the SEA Phages lab were asked to find a phage that might infect a strain of M. abscessus that is infecting a young patient. Because the scientists did not have any phages known to infect M. abscessus, they first tested M. smeg phages that are also known to infect M. tuberculosis to see if they could infect this specific strain of M. abscessus. Why did they start with those phages? Select the best answer. O Phages that infect M. tuberculosis will also infect M. abscessus O The phages have already been FDA approved for use in phage therapy O Phages that infect two different hosts have a broader host range and are more likely to be able to infect a third host (such as M. abcessus) O The phages are lytic, which makes them good candidates for phage therapy O More information is known about the genomes of these phages than other phagesarrow_forwardA researcher is studying the r// locus of phage T4. Three //-- strains are obtained: A, B, and C. E. coli strain K(A) is coinfected with two rl strains simultaneously and the results are recorded. Infection with A and B phage = lysis occurs Infection with A and C phage = lysis occurs Infection with B and C phage = no lysis occurs What can be inferred from this complementation test? Multiple Choice Strains A, B, and C have mutations in three different genes. Strains A and B have mutations in the same gene, and strain C has a mutation in a different gene. Strains A and C have mutations in the same gene, and strain B has a mutation in a different gene. Strains A, B, and C have mutations in the same gene. Strains B and C have mutations in the same gene, and strain A has a mutation in a different gene.arrow_forwardIn order to determine the genetic material of a T2 phage, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase conducted experiments using T2 phages that infected bacteria. In one treatment, they grew phages with radioactive sulfur. In another treatment, they grew phages with radioactive phosphorous. They allowed both types of phages to infect bacterial cells. After infection, they found that only bacteria infected with phages grown with radioactive phosphorous showed any radioactivity. Why did they use radioactive sulfur and phosphorous for this experiment? * O Sulfur is part of the DNA molecule but not part of a protein molecule. Sulfur and phosphorous are some of the most reactive molecules and are easily traced. Sulfur and phosphorous are able to survive the centrifuge, a crucial component of the experiment. O Phosphorous is part of the DNA molecule but not part of a protein molecule.arrow_forward
- The figure above shows a schematic of genes and transcription control elements from phage λ. Use this figure as an aid to help you describe the molecular events involved in: a) The establishment of lysogeny b) The establishment of a lytic life cyclearrow_forwardThe size of a DNA fragment that can be inserted into an unmodified λ vector is very limited. Large segment in the central region of the λ DNA molecule can be removed without affecting the ability of the phage to infect Escherichia coli cells. However, the deletion of this non- essential region does affect the life cycle of the bacteriophage. Explain this statement.arrow_forwardAhmed had isolated bacteria from the sputum of a patient that seemed somewhat resistant to their antibiotic treatment, since multiple weeks of treatment had yielded no satisfactory improvement of their active disease. The researcher had then resuspended the patient's sputum in saline and used a mouse model to measure the efficiency of a phage selected for its capacity to target M. mycobacterium, as a single therapy, and as a combination therapy with antibiotics. Here is a schematic representation of the experiment: Group 1 Control (saline) Inoculate mice with patient sputum Group 2 wait for active Treated with phage disease to show Collect lung sample every 2 weeks Tuberculosis Sputum samples patient Group 3 Treated with Abx Group 4 Split mice showing active disease in 4 Treated with Abx and Count bacteria in sample groups phage Figure 4. Sputum from patients were isolated and resuspended in saline. Mice were given equal amounts of resuspended sputum intra-nasally and were left to…arrow_forward
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