Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780470501979
Author: Frank P. Incropera, David P. DeWitt, Theodore L. Bergman, Adrienne S. Lavine
Publisher: Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated
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Chapter 12, Problem 12.5P
What is the irradiation at surfaces
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The strongest colors reflected in a thin film have wavelengths in the film equal to
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Chapter 12 Solutions
Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer
Ch. 12 - Consider an opaque horizontal plate that is well...Ch. 12 - A horizontal, opaque surface at a steady-state...Ch. 12 - The top surface of an L=5mmthick anodized aluminum...Ch. 12 - A horizontal semitransparent plate is uniformly...Ch. 12 - What is the irradiation at surfaces A2 , A3 , and...Ch. 12 - According to its directional distribution, solar...Ch. 12 - Solar radiation incident on the earth’s surface...Ch. 12 - On an overcast day the directional distribution of...Ch. 12 - During radiant heat treatment of a thin-film...Ch. 12 - A small radiant heat source of area A1=2x104m2...
Ch. 12 - Determine the fraction of the total, hemispherical...Ch. 12 - The spectral distribution of the radiation emitted...Ch. 12 - Consider a 5-mm-square, diffuse surface A0 having...Ch. 12 - Assuming blackbody behavior, determine the...Ch. 12 - The dark surface of a ceramic stove top may be...Ch. 12 - The energy flux associated with solar radiation...Ch. 12 - A small flat plate is positioned just beyond the...Ch. 12 - A spherical aluminum shell of inside diameter D=2m...Ch. 12 - The extremely high temperatures needed to trigger...Ch. 12 - An enclosure has an inside area of 100m2 , and its...Ch. 12 - Assuming the earth’s surface is black, estimate...Ch. 12 - A proposed method for generating electricity from...Ch. 12 - Approximations to Planck’s law for the spectral...Ch. 12 - Estimate the wavelength corresponding to maximum...Ch. 12 - A furnace with a long, isothermal, graphite tube...Ch. 12 - Isothermal furnaces with small apertures...Ch. 12 - For materials A and B, whose spectral...Ch. 12 - A small metal object, initially at Ti=1000K ,is...Ch. 12 - The directional total emissivity of nonmetallic...Ch. 12 - Consider the metallic surface of Example 12.7....Ch. 12 - The spectral, directional emissivity of a diffuse...Ch. 12 - Consider the directionally selective surface...Ch. 12 - A sphere is suspended in air in a dark room and...Ch. 12 - Estimate the total, hemispherical emissivity for...Ch. 12 - Sheet steel emerging from the hot roll section of...Ch. 12 - A large body of nonluminous gas at a temperature...Ch. 12 - An opaque surface with the prescribed spectral,...Ch. 12 - The spectral reflectivity distribution for white...Ch. 12 - A diffuse, opaque surface at 700 K has spectral...Ch. 12 - The spectral, hemispherical absorptivity of an...Ch. 12 - The spectral, hemispherical absorptivity of an...Ch. 12 - Consider an opaque, diffuse surface for which the...Ch. 12 - Radiation leaves a furnace of inside surface...Ch. 12 - The spectral transmissivity of a 1-mm-thick layer...Ch. 12 - The spectral transmissivity of plain and tinted...Ch. 12 - Referring to the distribution of the spectral...Ch. 12 - The spectral absorptivity and spectral...Ch. 12 - Consider a large furnace with opaque, diffuse,...Ch. 12 - Four diffuse surfaces having the spectral...Ch. 12 - The spectral transmissivity of a 50m -thick...Ch. 12 - An opaque, horizontal plate has a thickness of...Ch. 12 - Two small surfaces, A and B, are placed inside an...Ch. 12 - Consider an opaque, diffuse surface whose spectral...Ch. 12 - The 50-mm peephole of a large furnace operating at...Ch. 12 - The window of a large vacuum chamber is fabricated...Ch. 12 - A thermograph is a device responding to the...Ch. 12 - A radiation thermometer is a radiometer calibrated...Ch. 12 - A radiation detector has an aperture of area...Ch. 12 - A small anodized aluminum block at 35C is heated...Ch. 12 - Consider the diffuse, gray opaque disk A1 , which...Ch. 12 - A two-color pyrometer is a device that is used to...Ch. 12 - An apparatus commonly used for measuring the...Ch. 12 - A procedure for measuring the thermal conductivity...Ch. 12 - One scheme for extending the operation of gas...Ch. 12 - The equipment for heating a wafer during a...Ch. 12 - Neglecting the effects of radiation absorption,...Ch. 12 - Consider the evacuated tube solar collector...Ch. 12 - Solar flux of 900W/m2 is incident on the top side...Ch. 12 - Consider an opaque, gray surface whose directional...Ch. 12 - A contractor must select a roof covering material...Ch. 12 - It is not uncommon for the night sky temperature...Ch. 12 - Plant leaves possess small channels that connect...Ch. 12 - In the central receiver concept of solar energy...Ch. 12 - Radiation from the atmosphere or sky can be...Ch. 12 - A thin sheet of glass is used on the roof of a...Ch. 12 - Growers use giant fans to prevent grapes from...Ch. 12 - A circular metal disk having a diameter of 0.4 m...Ch. 12 - The neighborhood cat likes to sleep on the roof of...Ch. 12 - The exposed surface of a power amplifier for an...Ch. 12 - Consider a thin opaque, horizontal plate with an...Ch. 12 - The oxidized-aluminum wing of an aircraft has a...Ch. 12 - Two plates, one with a black painted surface and...Ch. 12 - A radiator on a proposed satellite solar power...Ch. 12 - A radiator on a proposed satellite solar power...Ch. 12 - A spherical satellite in near-earth orbit is...Ch. 12 - An annular fin of thickness t is used as a...Ch. 12 - The directional absorptivity of a gray surface...Ch. 12 - Two special coatings are available for application...Ch. 12 - Consider the spherical satellite of Problem...Ch. 12 - A spherical capsule of 3-m radius is fired from a...Ch. 12 - Consider the spherical satellite of Problem...Ch. 12 - A solar panel mounted on a spacecraft has an area...Ch. 12 - It is known that on clear nights a thin layer of...Ch. 12 - A shallow layer of water is exposed to the natural...Ch. 12 - A roof-cooling system, which operates by...Ch. 12 - A wet towel hangs on a clothes line under...Ch. 12 - Our students perform a laboratory experiment to...
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- A tungsten filament is heated to 2700 K. At what wavelength is the maximum amount of radiation emitted? What fraction of the total energy is in the visible range (0.4to0.75m)? Assume that the filament radiates as a graybody.arrow_forward1.54 The soldering iron tip in Problem 1.53 becomes oxidized with age and its gray-body emittance increases to 0.8. Assuming that the surroundings are at 20°C, determine the power requirement for the soldering iron.arrow_forward2. An UV stepper (Exposure Machine) has a NA numerical aperture of 0.3 and uses a light source with a wavelength of 436nm. What is the minimum feature size you would expect the stepper to be able to produce? What would be the maximum thickness of resist that the stepper could successfully expose?arrow_forward
- Spectral hemispherical reflectivity distribution of an opaque surface is shown below. Surface is subjected to the spectral irradiation as shown. 1.0 400 a 0.4 200 5 10 15 20 a (um) 5 10 15 2 (um) Calculate the total irradiation on the surface in W/m2 Calculate the irradiation absorbed by the surface in W/m2 3250 || 3750 || 4250|| 5000 || 5750|| 6250|| 7500 1050 || 1200 1400|| 1600|| 1750| 1850 || 2000arrow_forwarda) b) Find the overall absorptivity of the solar receiver's surface, assuming that the incoming irradiation is coming from the sun (a blackbody at 5800 K).arrow_forwardConditions ugh Video d G Subject Test Note: - You are attempting question 1 out of 12 Consider a blackbody at 300K with maximum emissive power. Calculate the wavelength (um) of the emissions. Answer Choices: a. 5.1 b. 9.7 c. 15.5 d. 38.0 lenovo Answer A B OC D Submitarrow_forward
- 12.35 A small metal object, initially at T; = 1000 K, is cooled by radiation in a low-temperature vacuum chamber. One of two thin coatings can be applied to the object so that spectral hemispherical emissivities vary with wavelength as shown. For which coating will the object most rapidly reach a temperature of T, = 500 K? 1.0 Coating A Coating B టో 0.5 1 10 100 a (µm)arrow_forward6.4 Two large diffuse parallel plates are maintained at temperatures T₁ = 1400 K and T₂ = 700 K. The plates are made from the same metal, and their spectral emissivities as a function of wavelength, &, are approximated as shown by two constant values joined by a linear decrease with wavelength. Compute the net radiant energy flux being transferred from plate 1 to plate 2. What is the energy flux if both plates are assumed gray with an approximate average emissiv- ity of 0.5 applied over the entire spectral range? 91 T₁ = 1400 K, Ex T₂ = 700 K, EX 92-91 0.85 Ex 0.15 0 Answer: q₁106,850 W/m²; 91.gray = 68,070 W/m². 2 λ (μm) 7arrow_forwardIn a biprism experiment, the slit is illuminated by the light of wavelength 5890A.the distance between the slit and eye piece is 0.8m.the two virtual images of the slit are formed 0.2cm apart. Calculate the change in fringe width if the eye piece is displaced 10cm away from the slit.arrow_forward
- 13.41 Consider two very large parallel plates with diffuse, gray surfaces. - T, = 1000 K, ɛ, = 1 T, = 500 K, ez = 0.8 Determine the irradiation and radiosity for the upper plate. What is the radiosity for the lower plate? What is the net radiation exchange between the plates per unit area of the plates?arrow_forward! Required information Irradiation on a semi-transparent medium is at a rate of 640 W/m². If 160 W/m² of the irradiation is reflected from the medium and 130 W/m² is transmitted through the medium, Determine the absorptivity of the medium. The absorptivity of the medium is 0.75 Xarrow_forwardA furnace with an aperture of 30 mm diameter and emissive power of 4x10^5 W/m^2 is used to calibrate a heat flux gage having a sensitive area of 2x10^-5 m^2At what distance, measured along a normal from the aperture, should the gage be positioned to receive irradiation of 1000 W/m^2 ? If the gage is tilted off normal by 20^o what will be its irradiation?arrow_forward
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