Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393615098
Author: John W. Foster, Joan L. Slonczewski
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 13, Problem 2TQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The return of hydrogen ions from NADH back onto pyruvate to make fermentation products and the reason behind the NAD+ cannot serves as a terminal electron acceptor.
Introduction:
Catabolism refers to the disruption of complex compounds into simpler substances with the production of energy. There are two types of catabolism. First is fermentation which involves the breakdown of the organic molecule without the involvement of oxygen. Second is respiration in which organic molecule is broken down in the presence of oxygen. Respiration yields much more energy as compared to fermentation.Â
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The reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 are oxidized in the ETS. What is the final electron acceptor of the ETS? What is the function of the H+ ion in ATP synthesis?
Some organisms can anaerobically convert glycerol to pyruvate. Could homolactic or alcoholic fermentation regenerate suffi cient NAD+ to support this pathway?
We know that atmospheric oxygen (O2) can be a final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration.
Name 2 other inorganic molecules that can be final electron acceptors at the end of the electron transport chain in anaerobic respiration.
Name 1 organic molecule that can be a final electron acceptor in fermentation.
Chapter 13 Solutions
Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
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- Some cofactors that participate in the reactions of the citric acid cycle are indicated by letters. Identify the position of positions of NADH in the cycle by selecting the appropriate letter or letters designating its position(s) in the cycle diagram. COA CH, HO--Co, CH čo, 8 CO но-сн CH HC -Co, CO HO-CH LA Citric acid cycle H,0 co, -B COA | 4 Co, čo D.arrow_forwardOrganisms growing anaerobically cannot perform glycolysis for long without reducing the pyruvate from glycolysis into another compound, most commonly to lactate or to ethanol plus CO2. Which of the following provides the best explanation for sustaining anaerobic glycolysis? O Lactic acid has to be reduced to regenerate NADH Pyruvate has to be reduced to regenerate NADH Pyruvate has to be reduced to regenerate NAD+ Lactic acid has to be reduced to regenerate NAD+arrow_forwardSome anaerobic prokaryotes use nitrate (NO3- ) as the terminal electronacceptor for energy metabolism. Assuming 100% effi ciency, how much ATP could be synthesized by the oxidation of NADH by nitrate?arrow_forward
- In order to metabolize lactose, most infants express the enzyme lactase in their intestines. How many pyruvate molecules and NADH molecules can be generated in glycolysis from one lactose molecule? Please explain. How many ATP molecules will be used and generated by 1 lactose molecule? Please explain.arrow_forwardHigh-energy electrons from molecules of NADH and FADH2 are transferred to a chain of proteins within the electron transport chain. What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?arrow_forwardConsider the steps of the krebs cycle and electron carrier chain and answer: a) How many ATPs are produced from 10 Pyruvato molecules? b) How many ATPs are produced from 12 Acetyl CoA molecules?arrow_forward
- In one of the steps of glycolysis, the enzyme pyruvate kinase catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate; the phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate is transferred to ADP to form ATP during the reaction. This process is an example of: A) O ATP synthesis by substrate-level phosphorylation B) O coupling an energy releasing process to an energy requiring process C) O oxidative phosphorylation D) OB and C are correct E) OA and B are correctarrow_forwarda) Using full chemical structures of substrates and products, draw the two possible pyruvate reduction pathways that regenerate NAD+ from NADH in the absence of oxygen gas. Give names of all compounds and enzymes involved. b) Draw the step in glycolysis that requires at least one of the above pathways to be functional in the absence of oxygen. Give names of all compounds and enzymes involved.arrow_forwardUnder standard conditions, is the oxidation of ubiquinol (Coenzyme Q) by O2 sufficiently exergonic to drive the synthesis of ATP? If yes, how many ATP can be synthesized assuming 100% efficiency?arrow_forward
- Explain Why Synthesizing Glucose from Pyruvate in the Anabolic Process of Gluconeogenesis requires more energy than is captured during the Catabolic Process of Oxidizing Glucose (through glycolysis) to Pyruvate - How much of the energy (what percentage) of oxidizing Glucose to Pyruvate is captured in Catabolism as NADH (+ H+) and ATP ? - What happens to the rest of the energy of oxidizing Glucose to Pyruvate? How much energy (what percentage) is needed to synthesize Glucose from Pyruvate?arrow_forwardHow many net molecules of ATP and NADH are produced in "anaerobic glycolysis" (glycolysis + fermentation) starting from 1 molecule of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and ending with 2 molecules of lactate? (Reminder: you are starting with one molecule of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in this problem! Not from glucose!)arrow_forwardIn the krebs cycle, if the enzyme used succinate dehydrogenase used NAD+ as the oxidizing agent, what impact would it have on the overall production of ATP in the call?arrow_forward
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Anaerobic Respiration; Author: Bozeman Science;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDC29iBxb3w;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY