Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393615098
Author: John W. Foster, Joan L. Slonczewski
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Question
Chapter 13.3, Problem 2TQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
Formation of pyrophosphate (PPi) instead of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in a reaction, where hydrolysis of ATPÂ (adenine triphosphate) is used to link amino acid to its cognate tRNA (transfer ribonucleic acid).
Introduction:
ATP can be used in three different manners to transfer energy to different cellular processes. At first, by hydrolysis which releases phosphate. In this, the hydrolysis of ATP produces ADP (adenine diphosphate) and Pi (inorganic phosphate). Secondly, by hydrolysis which releases pyrophosphate. In this, a pyrophosphate (PPi) is formed which ultimately breaks down into two molecules of Pi. In the third method an organic molecule is phosphorylated.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionStudents have asked these similar questions
Many blood clotting proteins undergo a post-translational modification in which specific glutamic acid residues (Glu) in the protein are converted to gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues (Gla). See reaction scheme below. An example is the blood clotting protein Factor IX, which has 12 Glu in its N-terminus converted to Gla. This modification gives Factor IX the ability to bind calcium and phospholipid membranes. Bacteria do not have the enzyme required to convert Glu to Gla and therefore Factor IX proteins expressed in bacteria would not have the proper modifications. How might you engineer the translational apparatus of a bacterial cell line so that it produces Factor IX with Gla in the appropriate positions. How would you ensure that only the 12 Glu in Factor IX that are normally converted to Gla and not just all Glu (Limit 5-6 senetnces)?
Describe how the activity and specificity of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is regulated.
What is the role of ATP(CTP): tRNA nucleotidyletransferase?
Chapter 13 Solutions
Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Explain whether the specificity of lysine incorporation by lysyl-tRNA synthetase depends on tRNA or lysine, how does it work ?arrow_forwardWhat is the smallest number of molecules of ATP and GTP consumed in the synthesis of a 200- residue protein, starting from amino acids? Assume that the hydrolysis of PP i is equivalent to the hydrolysis of ATP for this calculation.arrow_forwardWhy do aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases need ATP? to prevent the 2'OH from being aminoacylated to provide energy to drive the reaction to add the 3' adenosine onto the tRNA to add a leaving group on the amino acidarrow_forward
- Ornithine is structurally similar to lysine except ornithine’s side chain is one methylene group shorter than that of lysine. Attempts to chemically synthesize and isolate ornithinyl-tRNA proved unsuccessful. Propose a mechanistic explanation. (Hint: Six-membered rings are more stable than sevenmembered rings.)arrow_forwardA peptidyl-tRNA in the P site has a strange modification with an ether versus an ester bond to the tRNA. When it is in the P site undergoing catalysis in the otherwise normal way, this molecule will become: More susceptible to the nucleophilic attack A better nucleophile O Less susceptible to the nucleophilic attack A worse nucleophilearrow_forwardIs the Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases in human cells specialized or non specialized? Explain.arrow_forward
- One single polypeptide chain (120 amino acid residues) is produced for protein A in prokaryotic cell. N-terminal amino acid is alanine in the chain of this protein. How many moles of ATP and GTP will be in use for this polypeptide chain synthesis? What post-translational modifications may be for this protein?arrow_forwardOn average, how many phosphoanhydride bonds (P;-P; bonds) are directly hydrolyzed in thecourse of synthesizing a 200 amino acid protein? Assume that you begin with the mature mRNA,ribosomal subunits, tRNAs, free amino acids, and all necessary factors.arrow_forwardWhat naturally found amino acyl tRNA synthetase can be used to attach 2-aminobutyric acid to a tRNA? Explain whyarrow_forward
- E. coli ribonuclease H1 is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in RNA. Its proposed mechanism involves a 'carboxylate relay,' as shown below. His124 Asp70 || -HN-CH-C -HN-CH-C- CH2 CH2 c=0 RNA substrate HN H. H. (1) Fill the blanks. In the reaction scheme above, His124 acts as a ( ). The purpose of this relay system is to deprotonate the water molecule (II) so that it becomes a better ( :0arrow_forwardWhat is the role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase? The ability of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to recognize tRNAs has sometimes been called the “second genetic code.” Why has the function of this type of enzyme been described this way?arrow_forwardIn bacteria, researchers have isolated strains that carry mutations within tRNA genes. These mutations can change the sequence of the anticodon. For example, a normal tRNATrp gene encodes a tRNA with the anticodon 3′–ACC–5′. A mutation can change this sequence to 3′–CCC–5′. When this mutation occurs, the tRNA still carries a tryptophan at its 3′ acceptor stem, even though the anticodon sequence has been altered. A. How would this mutation affect the synthesis of polypeptides within the bacterium? B. What does this mutation tell you about the recognition between tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and tRNATrp? Does the enzyme primarily recognize the anticodon or not?arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage Learning
Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...
Biology
ISBN:9781285866932
Author:Lauralee Sherwood
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Mitochondrial mutations; Author: Useful Genetics;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvgXe-3RJeU;License: CC-BY